Most and Least Important Factors in the Outbreak of Ww1

Which was the most important and least important factor in the outbreak of the First World War? In my opinion, the most important cause of the First World War was the Alliance System. By 1914, the main powers in Europe had been divided into two groups. These were: The Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy, and The Triple Entente – Britain, France and Russia. Although the point of creating these alliances was to avoid war, they meant that any conflict that broke out would increase in scale immediately because the other countries had to support them. The main rivalries were Germany and France over the capture of Alsace-Lorraine, Russia and Austria over the Balkans, and Britain and Germany over their navies and economic power. The Alliance System created a lot of competition between the rival countries, and possibly even the allies themselves, because, naturally, they all wanted to be the most powerful and influential in their group. This just increased the tension between everyone and strengthened each side for the inevitable war. On the other hand, I think the least important cause of the war was the Arms Race. The growing divide in Europe (caused by the Alliance System) had led to an arms race between the main countries. The French and German armies had more than doubled their forces, and all nations were making plans for war. The German Count Alfred von Schlieffen had come up with the Schlieffen Plan, which was to fight France and defeat them within six weeks, and then to turn back and defeat Russia. Unfortunately for them, they relied too much on hoping Russia would take more than six weeks to mobilise, which didn’t happen. Also, as the Germans went through Belgium to get into France, Belgium had a treaty with Britain which meant Britain automatically got involved. Austria was intimidated by Russia and needed Germany to succeed in defeating France, so they could then help them in fighting Russia. Russia had potentially millions of soldiers. This made them very powerful because they could overwhelm the opposition with sheer numbers, although they would have needed Britain’s industrial help because they were badly-equipped. France had a large, well equipped army. They had a plan called Plan 17. This was to charge across the frontiers and deep into Germany, forcing them to surrender. Britain was closely but secretly in collaboration with the French. They set up the BEF (British Expeditionary Force), which was 150,000 highly trained soldiers that could go and support France at any time. Although the Arms Race seems to have developed the preparations for war from each country, I don’t think that it actually caused any more problems between the countries. At this point, war was seen as inevitable and all the nations could do was prepare for what was to come as best as they could.

Corporate Ethical Responsibility Essay

CARSI Inc. has long since served the business world since 1922 where it first introduced products and services that are economically acceptable to large-scale markets as well as small business ventures all over the world. These high-tech products include industrial machineries and large-scale shipping vessels that provide business transactions and trading. But the dawn of the Prohibition during the 1930’s forced CARSI Inc. into revising its corporate strategy. While surviving and maintaining industrial and trading quality from the 1930’s up to the present, CARSI Inc. has also opened new avenues of business ventures and management opportunities that gave rise to the CARSI Management and Training Division (CARSI-MTD). Founded in the 1990’s, CARSI-MTD is an outsourcing company that not only provides world-class training programs and strategies but also provides multitude of careers opportunities to the young, aspiring individuals as well as professionals alike. Its main goal is to provide a wide range of training and development programs that will enable more perspectives in business management, Human Resource practices, career development, and corporate business responsibility. As such, CARSI-MTD has produced top-caliber CEOs, executives, top-management officers, and leading theorists in the business practice through an extensive learning program that centers on intellectual development and practical application. CARSI Inc. and CARSI-MTD as of 1999, became a member of the prestigious Fortune-500 group of companies with a total net worth of over $5-billion. Also, CARSI Inc. has provided financial assistance as well as business development in third-world countries by providing a pioneering effort of encouraging small-scale businesses as a means of livelihood and societal development. To date, CARSI-MTD maintains high-standards, quality, and value over employees which are the essential of corporate success. Vision To be a corporate-responsible company that provide business career opportunities, investments, career growth, and quality management practices for aspiring professionals around the world. Mission To introduce to the business world a new perspective of business practices through social awareness, ethical business practices, theoretical business development, and personnel growth and satisfaction. To bring about change in labor-oriented companies through proper compensation, security, and benefits. Products and Services CARSI-MTD offers a wide range of products and services, specifically designed by CARSI Inc. to meet the standards of a globally-competitive market. These products include: CARSI-MTD Learning Institute – a company investment which further applies management, human resource careers into further study and forming theoretical frameworks that can be applied in real-world cases or situations, specifically on labor, personnel management, and human resources. Training Materials/Programs – in line with its Vision-Mission statement, the company also provides scholarly articles made by certified professionals that serve the benefit of schools, colleges, and universities that specialize on management courses. Practical Application Procedure (PRACP) – a unique development of CARSI-MTD which aims to apply methods of learning to practical methods in developing countries that stabilize economic problems, help cultivate Foreign Direct Investments and, maximizing country growth output. Cultural Responsibility The company’s moral responsibility lies firstly on the company’s purpose. The company aims to produce good business practices by maintaining high-standards of quality that ensures a sound and ethically acceptable ethical behaviour in companies. By enforcing quality, principle, idealism, and perfection into the standards set by the company, it presents an alternate and relative effect on businesses and corporations around the world. Second, the company aims to maximize profit of its stakeholders, without compromising personal, social, or cultural issues. Guiding Principles â€Å"Organizations must recognize the rights and interest of various stakeholders – not only stockholders and employees but also outsiders affected by the company’s actions† (Sims 2003, p.40). This is the main ethical principle for the company as it aims to not only protect shareholder and stockholder interests but also to take into consideration the company’s actions. The company assures job satisfaction among its employees, an ample amount of investment for stockholders, ensuring proper adherence to legislations and laws through different international governments, proper benefits for union members, fair competition, and being a responsible citizen in a communal aspect as well as affecting a change on the quality of life. The following are the main points of social responsibility of CARSI-MTD: – Shareholders: An active participation on the distribution of profit, right to elect board of directors, transfer of stock, inspection of company books,etc. – Employees: Economic and psychological satisfaction with employment. Protection from political or physical imputations of company officers. Fringe benefits. Right to the formation of a union and forming Collective Bargaining Agreements. Conducive working environment and conditions. – Customers: Quality services through high standards (e.g. product knowledge, assurance). Reliable warranties. Extensive Research and Development Program. – Unions: Recognizing as a legitimate bargaining agent of between employees and the employer. – Competition: Recognizing the normative functions of a healthy, competitive business environment as dictated by the industry and organization. – Governments: Proper adherence to taxes, public policies (fair and free trade) and the labor code. – Society: Act as company that contributes to social formation a well as healthy environment in small communities, provision of unbiased employment, cultural and financial initiatives, charities etc. (Sims 2003, p.41). In the internal aspect, the company is guided by the following professional ethics: Accounting The company considers a strict compliance to company rule and policy to avoid creative accounting and misleading financial predictions and analyses, manipulation of company resources, black market trading, excess executive compensation, bribery, etc. Human Resources As a company aimed to provide opportunities to all, the Human Resource practice of the company strictly follows an anti-discrimination policy as well as adhering to local and international business laws with regard to age, gender, race, religion, among others. Also, the company maintains a healthy working environment by providing suitable working conditions. In addition, the company provides heavy penalties for office politicking, blackmailing and invasions of privacy. As such, company policies also state an assurance on occupational safety and health, transparency, and individual freedom. Sales and Marketing Marketing policy of the company is determined to reduce price fixing, discrimination and skimming through a more social and moral introduction to different alternatives and methods. Also, the company blatantly refuses advertisements and marketing strategies that manipulate the nature of sex, provide subliminal messages or exposing children, sexual orientation in its corporate strategies. Principles for Consideration Corporate Social Responsibility is the main guiding ideology in the formation of a Code of Ethics. â€Å"CSR requires the continuing commitment by business to behaving ethically and contributing to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce, their families, as well as community and society at large† (Sims 2003, p. 43). What CSR provides is a corporate ideology of the company as it aims to form the an ideology that is aimed at social and economical development rather than a pure capitalist view. Through a social initiative, the company has a purpose to exist morally and ethically as it aims to support social causes and awareness through fundraising and volunteerism, among others. However, the problem lies when CSR is taken for granted when it is the company’s duty to be socially aware and responsible.

Hiv / Aids And Discrimination Essay -- AIDS, HIV, Immunodeficiency, Tube

5/3/16 English Professor HIV/AIDS and Discrimination Today AIDS still affects both men and women, predominantly African American women. AIDS was originated in Africa. As of today people can live with AIDS as opposed to years before they had the proper medication to treat AIDS, but keep in mind their is still no cure as of yet. It has been a worldwide disease that federal officials and associations tried to make up laws and ways to prevent the transmission of AIDS. According to HIV/AIDS website, HIV is a virus that attacks cells in body’s immune system. HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. The transmission of HIV can be transmitted through sexual intercourse both anal and vaginal sex without using a condom. Also another way to transmit HIV is by sharing needles for drugs or any use of injections in the blood. Unlike some viruses HIV cannot be rid of, you have it for life. Untreated HIV can result to the disease of AIDS ( acquired immunodeficiency disease). According to the World Health Organization (WHO) there are app roximately 36.9 million people worldwide who are living with AIDS at the end 2014. The disease AIDS has caused the federal government, along with the Olympic Organization, and Sport Organizations change the antidiscrimination laws. The changes have resulted in the creation of the American Disability Act, Rehabilitation Act applying to athletes, and providing education programs. The athletes Earwin â€Å"Magic† Johnson, Tommy Morrison, and Greg Louganis. These athletes are HIV positive and faced discrimination because of the disease. After Magic’s announcement that he was HIV, the discussion was if he would continue to play basketball. Fellow basketball players discussed ... ... middle of paper ... ...ad an AIDS specialist come to educate and provide training for the teams. In some of the professional leagues a rookie is required to attend an orientation, that discusses financial management, handling the media, and HIV/AIDS. Magic Johnson helps to end discrimination amongst athletes and spokesman of AIDS prevention. Therefore, players that are being educated of HIV/ AIDS will understand the precautions of transmission and the knowledge will be taken throughout their careers. In conclusion, there should be no discrimination against athletes who are HIV/AIDS infected. Athletes who are infected are capable to participate in competitions, but will always be risk of transmission, although it 's possible to keep the risk very small for the other athletes who are not infected. The laws that were created to protect every individual to avoid being turned away by anyone.

The Reform Movements of the 19th Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Reform Movements of the 19th Century - Essay Example Though the previously ignored fractions of society achieved social recognition, there are still issues that exist in society. Evidently, the reform achieved a lot though it fell short of the expectations of the protagonists. Reform and the Slaves One of the most important achievements in the reform was the end of slave regime. In fact, the anti-slavery ideology as propounded by the abolitionists won the battle in 1865 with the 13th Amendment. Evidently, the northern states had started giving up slavery after the American Revolution. However, many states in the south continued depending on slavery as the primary means of labor as they had cotton. Admittedly, one factor that led to the fight for the freedom of slaves is the religious awakening in the reform period, especially among the Protestants. For example, the Protestants proclaimed that it is highly necessary to reform the society to make the Kingdom of God a reality as the religion focused on the Second Coming of Christ. In addi tion, the Evangelical mission to save others gave women a chance to engage in social reform movements that were aimed at protecting slaves. Being the worst treated creatures in the society, for these reformists, slaves were the primary concern. People like William Lloyd Garrison, Quaker Lucretia Mott, and many others formed the American Anti-Slavery Society and many of the members were women; both white and African American. As time passed, by the mid 19th century, the Anti-Slavery Society was split into various fractions including the Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, and even the Liberty Party. By 1848, history saw the Liberty Party joining a coalition and creating the Free Soil Party followed by a Free Soil Convention in 1848. However, as time passed, things were getting complicated in nature. The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 saw marshals seizing and returning fugitive slaves, and thus, the free slaves again fell prey to the southern slaveholders though some managed to flee to Canada. Now, it was time for the Kansas Nebraska Act that allowed each area to decide their policy on slavery. As there was no progress in the slavery issue, in 1859, John Brown and his followers attacked the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry in Virginia, but as their revolt did not materialize, Brown and followers were caught and hanged. Admittedly, this only resulted in enraging even the pacified supporters of the anti-slavery movement. Soon, there arose the Civil War in 1861. As the Civil War ended, history witnessed the passage of the 13th Amendment that outlawed slavery. Five years later, in 1970, there was the 15th Amendment that allowed the African-Americans the right to vote. Admittedly, a lot has been achieved by the reform movement. However, a report by Keeanga-Yamahtta Taylor shows the picture of an incomplete work. The report Civil rights and civil wrongs: racism in America today that appeared in the November-December 2003 issue of International Socialist Review quotes the Presid ent as saying â€Å"My nation’s journey toward justice has not been easy and it is not over†¦the racial bigotry fed by slavery did not end with slavery or with segregation†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Taylor). In addition, the writers point out the fact that according to statistics, African Americans still continue to lag behind whites in all walks of life.

Wired Equivalent Privacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Wired Equivalent Privacy - Essay Example Wired Equivalent Privacy, WEP is one of the options of providing security in such circumstances. WEP is the oldest security protocol specified by IEEE under the IEEE Wireless Fidelity Standard, 802.11b (Arbaugh, Shankar, Wan, & Zhang, 2002). The protocol is designed to give a level of privacy and security in a wireless local area network (WLAN), which is comparable to that available in the wired Local Area Networks. Generally, a wired local area network is protected from intrusion through physical barriers such as limited access to buildings or server rooms. Although these protection mechanisms are effective for physically controlled environment, the case is not the same for WLANs since the radio waves are not necessarily constrained by physical walls surrounding the network. WEP seeks to solve this concern by providing a similar protection as that in the wired networks through encryption of data transmitted in the WLAN. The encryption algorithm in WEP entails the use of security cod e selected at the network configuration phase. This code is usually referred to as WEP key and it uses defined hexadecimal digits such as 99D767BAC38EA23B0C0176D152 and1A648C9FE2. In order to allow for the transfer of information, the digital sequence should match in all the gadgets seeking to connect in a wireless network. Depending on the form of WEP encryption being used, WEP keys can be generated in different lengths. The overall functionality of WEP depends of the philosophy that data encryption shields the susceptible wireless links between access points and ‘client’. Once this protection is in place, other common mechanisms such as, end-to-end encryption, password protection, authentication, and virtual private networks (VPNs) come in handy to bolster privacy. How it Works The functionality of WEP security entails two parts being Authentication and Encryption. Whereas authentication is carried out at the introduction of a device in a network, encryption alters th e nature of data once they are available in the network. Authentication The process of authentication in a wireless network uses WEP to prevent a new gadget or station from joining a network if the WEP key is not known. The two authentication methods used in WEP are the Open System authentication and Shared Key authentication. In the Open System authentication, WLAN clients are not required to give any credentials at the network access point. This scenario would allow any user to authenticate themselves at the access point after which association may be established. In essence, there is no authentication taking place here. For the Shared Key authentication, the predetermined WEP key must be produced to authenticate a user and allow access to a network. This type of authentication comprises of a 4-way request and response mechanism. At the first stage of authentication, the client station, or device sends a request for authentication at the access point. The access point responds by replying a clear-text challenge. At the third stage, the client encrypts the text with the automatically configured WEP key and sends to the access point as a unique authentication request. Lastly, the access point decrypts the requested items and compares it against the clear-text sent previously. Depending on the outcome of the comparison, the access point initiates a negative response by denying access or positive response by granting the access. Encryption In WEP, RC4 stream cipher is used to encode the data in to a form that cannot be understood by third parties through a process called encryption. The data is encrypted at the transition phase between access

Argument assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Argument assignment - Essay Example The system insists on the normality of homosexuality at this stage (Walker). In the second grade, children will be taught about the words to refer to homosexuals since calling them gay is seen as been impolite and spiteful (Walker). In the third grade, children will be taught about media presentation of gender. The system aims at making the impression that morals are not collective and will deconstruct the moral values that these children have already acquired. The fourth graders will learn about the equableness of both sexes in order to discredit notions that have been presented for decades by people. The move aims at acknowledging equality in talents, strengths, attributes and optimism in prospect lives (Walker). The system aims at presenting children with the realities of existence that is most denied to children by their relations. Montana Family Council together with the parents have expressed outrage at the system, arguing that children at kindergarten are not emotionally mature, to be taught sexual education. The system cannot be regarded appropriate at such an age since the children have miniature or no idea of the happenings in their sexual life. Therefore, it ought to be taught at an age when clear understanding is guaranteed. The author presents the idea that the system is not morally appropriate since most these children are not mature to comprehend the issues that the system addresses. Presentation of the idea that both sexes are equal in all aspects can be considered a logical fallacy since it can be proven to be

Reaction paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 22

Reaction paper - Essay Example As he toured Auschwitz, Cole described humanitarian structures such as a â€Å"disinfestation complex,† theater and swimming pool inside of the camp. These structures call into question the function of the prison. If prisoners were sent to Auschwitz to be murdered, why should the Germans provide hygiene, entertainment and exercise to them? Coles interview with Dr. Franciszek Piper, curator of the Auschwitz State Museum, is the focus of the video. Cole disputes the Holocausts existence because there is no proof, â€Å"theres no picture, plan or wartime document dealing with homicidal gas chambers or a plan to exterminate Jews† (Cole). He tries to provide a â€Å"perfectly normal explanation† for the materials and exhibits which define the Holocaust (Cole). Poison gas was used for disinfection, dead bodies were caused by a Typhus epidemic and discarded clothing came from naturally deceased prisoners. The interview with Dr. Piper is primarily concerned with the Auschwitz gas chamber. Cole questioned the function of this building because it had been changed since the end of the war. While Piper believed that four holes were drilled in the ceiling of this building for the purpose of killing prisoners, Cole believed that these holes were drilled after the camp was liberated by Soviet forces during the camps reconstruction. Cole points to aerial photographs as evidence of the new construction. Cole also cited the lack of Zyklon B residue in the chamber as proof that it was never used to kill humans. Cole then turned from the institution to the numbers. Traditionally, the Holocaust is stated to have killed eleven million Jews and non-Jews. These figures are based on Soviet claims made after the war which Cole does not accept. Cole compared it to American prison camps where, â€Å"anywhere from several hundred thousand to over two million† Germans died (Cole). To him, this was e vidence that all camps of this era were

Opion Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Opion - Case Study Example This case deals with how the company deals effectively with providing a service that is accurate and more than what the competition is offering. It is not very easy to give a verdict about a particular stock following its speculation in the market and people's perception but this is exactly what Opion set out to do in 2001 despite competition from the likes of a Vancouver based MindfulEye (www.mindfuleye.com) which provided a Moodscore for several stocks and Stockscores (www.stockscores.com) which provided clients with actual stock analysis based on technical grounds. Stockscores was actually superfluous because it did not provide analysis based on verbal speculation but Mindfuleye was more of a competition although none of these were considered actual competitors of Opion. Opion was a different ball game altogether. Its major product was Opion Financial Pro 1.0 which calculated hourly buzz scores on three major indices namely the Standard and Poor's 500, the NASDAQ 100 and the Dow Jones 30 Industrial Average. The basic work of Financial Pro 1.0 was to gauge fluctuations in stock values and help portfolio managers become better decision makers by analyzing how investors perceive a particular stock. Later, traditional methods were used to analyze the stock on more technical grounds. One of the major disadvantages of using such a method is inaccuracy. ... Hence Opion took three measures that advised a conjecture about a stock to be negative or positive. Relevance was of the utmost importance as trying to determine whether a particular posting is pertinent to the topic being discussed is of very high significance. Credibility came next as anyone can register on a forum and start discussions about something they may or may not know much about. So determining people who were actually familiar with the stock market lingo and characteristics was a challenge but a necessary one at that. Lastly, came influence. Any messaging or posts in a discussion forum are subject to influence from other people or even generally what is written in the forums. Influence gives wind to rumors and rumors blight credibility dramatically. These were some challenges that Opion had to face, which other companies may not have taken into consideration. Buzz scores, however may not be too accurate when looked at from a certain point of view. The case explains that there was high variance from day to day and stock to stock. While day-to-day variance may be taken into account and dealt with considering fluctuation volumes, stock-to-stock variance gave heed to inaccuracies. New economy stocks like Microsoft and Cisco obviously generate more talk and interest than old economy stocks due to the perception that these are essentially more profitable. Actually, this may not necessarily be the case. The major reason a new economy stock will be seen more optimistically is the fact that more people are talking about it and there is more speculation as to the trading of this stock. Old economy stocks may not be favorites here despite their market moving and index weight abilities. Hence, Opion was prone to get

How has the internet and social media changed our society Essay

How has the internet and social media changed our society - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the internet and social media has played a great part in transforming people’s life and making it be much easier and worth living it. In about 20 years ago, very few people had ever heard of the name internet if there were any. In 1991, if a person was asked to say what a domain name is, they could have looked at the one asking in a blank face. All that has changed since the internet was discovered. People use the internet services each and every day in their activities, which include online banking and communicating with their friends. Social media was launched about nine years ago. Social media has also changed the way people live to a better way since people can share their problems with their friends and get comfort and encouragement. The Internet can be considered as one of the greatest inventions that have been witnessed in our generation. This has prompted some people to claim that the internet has ushered in an important new revolution which they claim that is as important as the industrial revolution. The Internet has altered the way people communicate with each other, how people shop and how they get their information. The internet influence has spread far beyond the online world confines which have affected many aspects of the lives we live. One of the main ways the internet has transformed our lives is by giving us an access to any information that we need. It has helped in opening up a world of possibilities where information can be shared. Before internet was invented, students had a lot of difficulties doing their research since they had to do it in the library. That is not the case in the internet era since the information that the students want is right at their fingertips. There are search engines in the interne that have ready information that the students and other researchers look for. These search engines includes Google and Yahoo search engines (Golden 2010). The Google website is on e of the most successful sites which tend to be the most visited site and the leader in a market that is very competitive. Google has a big coverage and a high speed of results that makes it easier for the researchers. Internet has made the world to be seen as a global village. Internet has helped in eliminating communication barrier that is caused by geographical distance (Golden 2010). Through the social media sites, one can have friends from all over the world, from as far from Zimbabwe to China. Internet has also helped in growing of businesses. This is by having devices like the dedicated serves which allows the offices to remain connected every time. It has also made shopping easier which can nowadays been done online (Lyn Gorman and David McLean,2009). This has made the whole world to look like a normal shopping mall, where someone can buy dresses from Paris and designer shoes from London. Internet has also made banking easier, where one can bank online and manage their finances without having to go to the banking hall each and every time they need the banking services. In early days, searching for jobs was a difficult task where one could only find jobs from the local newspaper and the recruitment agencies (Dijck 2013). . This has however changed thanks to internet as one can now search for jobs online. Talking of jobs, internet has helped many people by giving them an opportunity to work on the comfort of their homes. This is through the online jobs where one can earn with their pajamas on. This is an easier way to work, where one becomes his or her own boss, meaning that they do not experience the wrath of the bosses as other workers do. However, the greatest gift that is brought by the revolution that internet has experienced is education, where a person can learn everywhere by having online classes (Golde

Classical Period Essay Example for Free

Classical Period Essay Haydn’s Violin Concerto in C (Hob. VIIa/I) was composed sometime around the year 1765, during his fourth year of employment by the Eszterhazy family as assistant to kappelmeister Gregor Werner. Aged thirty-two at the time, he was just then entering into the period during which he would produce his most mature works. Like many concerti of the time – including Haydn’s Cello Concerto, which had immediately preceeded the present work – the Violin Concerto in C was composed to showcase the talents of a specific performer, in this case, Alois Tomosini, who ultimately became concertmaster of the Eszterhazy Orchestra. Like the Cello Concerto, this piece is in three movements: Allegro Moderato, followed by a slower Adagio movement in the subdominant key of F, and finishing with a brilliant, energetic Finale: Presto. Structurally, all three movements follow the sonata allegro form. This form, so common in during the Classical Period that it came to be known as â€Å"First Movement Form† begins in with a primary theme in the tonic key, followed by a secondary theme in the dominant key (or, in the case of minor tonality, the relative major). This makes up the â€Å"exposition. † During the â€Å"development† section, the composer uses thematic materials from the exposition in a series of variations and mutations. The â€Å"recapitulation† restates both initial themes in the tonic key. During the Classical Period, the second movement of any multi-movement work was invariably a slower moving piece in the subdominant key. In the work under discussion, Haydn does not depart from this formula, nor in the last Presto movement in which Classical composers always returned to the original key. It is worth noting that orchestral ensemble works, particularly those of Haydn and Mozart, contained a Minuetto movement inserted between the slower second movement and the faster fourth movement; however, in concerti, which featured a solo player, the Minuetto was never included. It is interesting to note that the Presto movement is in a triple meter, and has the feel, if not the strict form, of a Minuetto. In the performance used for this paper, this movement is played much faster than a typical Minuetto, but a dance-like atmosphere is retained. As this is a fairly early work, it should not surprise us that that Haydn relies a great deal on scale runs and patterns, particularly during transitional sections. In fact, the initial introductory material consists of nothing more than an ascending F major scale, elaborated upon by the accompaniment. This is not as apparent in later, more mature works by this composer, although scale-based material of this nature is prominent in some of Mozart’s youthful works, particularly the first movement of Symphony No. 29 in A Major. There are also several instances in all three movements in which the thematic material goes back and forth between major and parallel (rather than relative) minor tonalities. For modulations, Haydn makes frequent use of â€Å"common-tone diminished† chords, which makes it quite simple to go from one key to any other key. Nonetheless, Haydn rarely strays far from the initial key of a given movement. However, unlike many of Haydn’s later works, diminished seventh harmonic structures are not prominently featured, serving brief functional purposes only. The third, Finale Presto movement has the most interest, despite the frequent use of double stops in the first and the lyrical quality of the second. The fiery leaps and fast runs are obviously intended to display Tomosini’s virtuosity. In addition, there is some interesting rhythmic movement between 3:07 and 3:09 of this recording in which the music nearly changes into duple meter, giving a sensation of hemiola. Much of Haydn’s influences are apparent in the early music of Mozart as well as that of Joseph Bulogne, an French composer of Afro-Caribbean ancestry who commissioned Haydn’s later â€Å"Paris Symphonies. † Haydn enjoyed a long, productive life that spanned nearly the entire stylistic period that came to be known as â€Å"Classical. † At the time Haydn began his compositional career, the Baroque style typified by the works J. S. Bach, G. F. Handel had become dated. The â€Å"Classical† style of which C. P. E. Bach, son of J. S. , was a founder, was still fairly new. The use of the harpsichord continuo – despite the availability of the newly-invented pianoforte – is a noteworthy holdover from the tradition of the baroque concerti grosso. Nonetheless, in its use of scale patterns, parallel minor and the common-tone diminished modulations, this early Haydn work shows a mastery over the basic compositional elements that he would use in many future works. Work Cited Haydn, Franz Josef. Violin Concerto In C Major (Sound Recording). Orchestra Sinfonica Haydn di Bolzano e Trento. Barry Faldner, Conductor. Benjamin Schmid, soloist. (Stradivari Classics, June 1994).

Specifications of Damage Assessment Technique

Specifications of Damage Assessment Technique Specifications of Damage Assessment Technique Damage Tolerance (DT), is the ability of a material to function and resist fracture after a permanent change/defect has taken place for a given period of time. The Damage Tolerance is an essential attribute of a structural component, whose failure could result in catastrophic loss of life or property. Damage Tolerance Analysis The DT addresses two points concerning an initially defected/damaged structure. First, it determines fracture load for a specified defect size. Meaning that the load where material failure occurs, when a specified defect size, exists is determined. Second, it predicts the required length of time for a sub-critical defect to grow to the size that causes fracture at given load. In this case, it is assumed that the defect can extend and propagate in a sub-critical manner1. The determination of fracture/failure load for a defected component will be the primary target of the DT analysis that will be carried out for the projects needs. To apply the DT method, the fatigue target stress levels need to be calculated. The last can be derived from the ultimate allowable stress levels. The ultimate allowable stress levels can be basically determined by the loading conditions applied to the specified component. In every structural case, the specific target stress value for any given primary structural component is adjusted for its specific geometry and material properties. Therefore, the prediction of the required length of time for a sub-critical defect to grow to the size that causes fracture at given load will be attempted to be determined. Of course to achieve predicting the required length of time for a sub-critical defect to grow to the size that causes fracture at given load, the respective material data should be available. Damage Tolerance Analysis Procedure It is known that a structure usually fails by one or combination of failures. These failures can be elastic /inelastic deformations, buckling, fatigue or accidental impact, etc. In the flow chart of Figure 4.1 a possible procedure that might be adopted to carry out the numerical DT analysis of a structural component is depicted. This flow chart, as it can be seen, covers the case of static and fatigue load. Despite of this, each case can be assessed and examined individually if all the required inputs are available. 1 Damage Tolerance Analysis of Aero Structural Components, TATA Figure 4.1: Damage Tolerance Analysis Procedure It is intended to develop a fully parametric numerical model of the structural (metallic and/or composite) component for the DT modelling using the aid of suitable Finite Element software. The work plan is to write a scripting code in the FE softwares parametric design language to allow defect geometric characteristics (e.g. defect location, damage size etc.) and external data (e.g. geometric characteristics, material properties, loading and boundary conditions of the component) to be automatically inserted to the numerical model of the structural component. The aim is to develop a code with the following features: easy data insertion by uploading the geometry of the component, apply loading and boundary conditions to the DT modular unit, and data import for different types of components with minimum modifications. Moreover, it will be attempted to achieve a sufficient mesh density for the Finite Element model (refined FE model) that will provide adequate accuracy by minimizing the discrepancies of the results in a prescribed range. At the same time, it is desired that the model will not consumes excessive computational time and effort for its solution. It will be attempted to incorporate an adaptive mesh routine for increasing the mesh density at the defect regions according to certain condition/criteria, such as the minimum energy condition. This technique will be employed in case that complex geometry is about to be analysed. Eventually, a post-processing macro-routine will also be programmed to process the results from the analysis solution. A possible way for verifying whether the structural component can operate with defect or repair is required is by calculating the Margin of Safety (MS) for the examined component. Using the maximum stress (von-Mises) obtained from the numerical analysis, static margin of safety (MS) obtained for limit and ultimate loads can be calculated respectively. By employing the suitable failure criteria a possible reduction of the components structural strength will be defined. Required inputs for Damage Tolerance Analysis In this section the inputs that will be required for carrying out the numerical structural analysis are listed in the following paragraphs. A brief explanation about each required input is also presented in order the reader to comprehend the necessity of each characteristic. Components geometric characteristics The geometric characteristics of the component can be separated in three distinguished categories, which both of them have to be defined with accuracy. These categories are: components   geometry   (the   geometric   characteristic   of   the   reference-no   defect- component), type of defect, and geometry of the defect. And they are explained in more detail below. Components Geometry Initially, the geometric characteristics of the component are required for carrying out a numerical analysis that will assess the DT of the investigated component. In more detail, the geometric characteristics of the investigated component-in case of a flat plate- are its width, length, its thickness etc. For the case where a more complex geometry needs to be investigated, CAD drawings will be required. It is preferred to provide EXIS with the drawings in electronic format in a neutral file (e.g. .igs or .stp format) to allow the smooth insertion of these file to the FE software. Additional inputs will be required, depending the case, for de-featuring the CAD model and eventually generate an equivalent simplified FE model. It is expected the last to have less elements/nodes and hence less computational demands. Typeofdefect The type of flaw detected by the Non Destructive procedure (e.g. crack, delaminations, etc.) will be an advantage to be known and given as input before developing the FE model for the DT analysis, Figure 4.2. It will be helpful to know the defect type DT Analysis of the structural component will examine, so the appropriate modelling procedure and discretization method in the defects region will be used. Delaminations(single-andmulti-level)Freeedgedamages(delaminations, notches,loosefibers,etc.) Figure 4.2: Type of defect to be analysed DefectGeometry It is essential when performing a numerical structural analysis of a defected component to know the geometry of the defect. Basically in this case the geometry of the defect is part of the geometry of the analysed and investigated component. Therefore, the   non-destructive method (PA or IRT) will initially detect the damage and generate an image. The image processing procedure will allow to calculate the size of the defect and its location. The geometric characteristics that are expected to extract are the area, width (w), height (h) and the coordinates of the defected area into the component. An estimation of the through thickness damage will be also required for the FE model. The last is expected to be provided by the software that will perform the non-destructive testing. It might be necessary to model the defect using an equivalent area of a circle or rectangular, in order to avoid modelling complex defect shapes, such as of Figure 4.3. In case that this approach is utilized, a validation procedure will be performed. Figure 4.3: Geometrical characteristics of the defect Material mechanical properties To carry out a numerical DT analysis of a component, it is necessary to insert the appropriate material models into the FE model to simulate the exact behaviour of the component and its strength. In case the metallic components are examined, the material properties that need to be available are the following: Modulus of Elasticity (E), and Poisson Ratio (ÃŽ ½). Regarding composite components, monolithic CFRP is the main category that is believed that is about to be investigated, since a wide range of currently flying aircrafts, such as the Airbus 3XX family is using them. Therefore, in case that monolithic composite material the material properties that define the material model will be inserted to the FE model. The following material properties can adequately define the behaviour of the material model. Material properties of the ply Eij, Gij and vij, where Eij Gij and vij is the Young, Shear modulus and Poissons ratio in the i,j direction respectively. The subscripts i, j can take values from 1 to 3 and they are used for defining the material coordinate system, Figure 4.4. Ply thickness. Stacking sequence and number of plies, Figure 4.4. Axial Strength of laminate in 1, 2 and 3 direction. Shear Strength of laminate in 12, 23 and 31 direction. If the material inputs are not available from the designer of the component, then they will be taken from the open literature. Figure 4.4: Representative stacking sequence of a CFRP composite and material coordinate system Characteristic example of a set of three dimensional failure criteria is the maximum stress failure criteria. They are presented below (ÏÆ'ij are the calculated layer-stress components in the (ij) direction and the denominators are the ultimate strengths in the corresponding direction). Maximum  Stress  Failure  Criteria: The nominator of each ratio is the maximum stress value that is developed in the structure. The denominator is the strength of the material in each direction. Whenever the ratio is less than one then no failure occurs, otherwise material failure exists. It desired not having any failure when ultimate load is applied to the component. Restraints and Boundary conditions The stress state of a composite structural member is strongly related with the way this member is attached to the rest of the aircraft structure. Knowing that in the area of the defect/damage stress concentration exists, the correct definition of the boundary conditions is essential. To this end, the boundary conditions of the structural component must be provided in order to apply the respective degrees of freedom/ constraints to the FE model. Loading conditions For carrying out the DT analysis, the loading conditions exerted to the composite component need to be defined. It is essential for the numerical analysis the applied load to be known; hence it is a required input. In more detail the limit load that is applied to the structural component needs to be known before running the analysis. Additional inputs Additional inputs might be required to perform the DT analysis of a specific component with a specific type of defect. In that case additional inputs might be needed.