General William Westmoreland Essays - Vietnam War, Viet Cong

General William Westmoreland During the late nineteenth century the French concouquered Vietnam and made it a protectorate and in 1941 the league for the independence of Vietnam (Viet Minh) was formed to fight for independence from the French and on Sept. 2nd .1945. Ho chi Minh proclaimed it independent from France. The French opposed this and wanted to re-establish their rule but where defeated on the battlefield by the Viet Min and where forced to surrender this ended a war and French rule. After the war there was a conference in Geneva where Vietnam was divided into two parts along the seventeenth parallel there where now a north and a south Vietnam similar to Korea the north being lead by Ho Chi Minh was mainly communist. North Vietnam at the time was a very poor area being cut off from the agricultural benefits of south Vietnam Ho Chi Minh was forced to ask for help from communist allies like the soviet union and china whom gave needed supported both before and during the war. The south lead by an anti-Communist ruler named ngo Dinh Diem was headed towards a democracy. The south being supported by the French and the united states of America clearly shows how closely this conflict was tide to the cold war going on between the eastern and western superpowers who supported the war efforts on either side. North Vietnams goal was to unify both north and south Vietnam leaving one communist state even if it meant using military force, at this time the cold war was still going on an since the u.s.a. Feared the spread of communist in Asia, John F. Kennedy gave economic and military aid to south Vietnam in order to prevent the takeover of the south by the north although all though the conflict was still a civil war and the united states where not officially involved they where the force behind the south. The North Vietnamese resented the United States getting involved and on august 2nd 1964 three Vietnamese torpedo boats opened fire on an u.s. destroyer stationed 30 miles off the coast of Vietnam in International waters. The next day Johnson gave the order to "attack with the objective of destroying any hostile forces." Retaliation air attacks began that very same day with the goal of destroying Vietnams gunboat capability. As two more United States boats where supposedly sunk more American air and sea forces where sent into the region but held back from direct combat. This is when the United States officially entered the Vietnam War. They did this for a few different reasons the first was that they wanted to keep the independence of south Vietnam, the second had a lot to do with the cold war against communism. America believed that if north Vietnam would be able to turn the south communist as well then Vietnam could become very powerful, after all the U.S. had just witnessed the French be defeated by Vietnam. If Vietnam was to become a more powerful country then they would be able to persuade other Asian countries to become communist as well. I think that the U.S.A. felt it had to prove to it's allied nations that it was willing to fulfil its vow of stopping the spread of communist. As the u.s. decided whether or not to move the combat to North Vietnam or not. The North Vietnamese made a surprise attack and moved the combat to the south when it attacked one of the U.S.A.'s major airbases in Bein Hoa. Johnson immediately ordered a retaliation bombing on the north called rolling thunder which was supposed to scare them and convince them that they had no chance of winning. Bombing of this sort continued for some time. While u.s. troops where being brought in from other places in the world in order to launch a ground attack. By the end of 1965 over 180,000 American soldiers where stationed in South Vietnam under General William S. Westmoreland. The United States with superior firepower helicopters, planes, and many other advantages over the North Vietnamese where very confident about the outcome of the war. They where to be surprised by the Viet cong's surprise attacks and concealment as well as knowledge of the land and unity in the people. As the war pressed on it came more and more obvious that the Americans where not going to win this one simply because they where the richer larger more influential superpower. Soldiers where having a hard

Legalization Of Marijuana Essays - Cannabis In The United States

Legalization Of Marijuana Essays - Cannabis In The United States Legalization of Marijuana The purpose of this paper is to discuss marijuana and compare both sides of the issue of legalizing marijuana. We have two factions fighting each other; one those who are pro-marijuana and those who are anti-marijuana. These two factions have been fighting on this issue on the halls of justice for years. Pro marijuana legalization groups such as the Physician's Association for AIDS Care, National Lymphoma Foundation argue that marijuana should be legalized in order to treat terminally ill patients. Among them are AIDS victims who find that marijuana stimulates their appetites so they can fight off dangerous emaciation; glaucoma sufferers who have used marijuana said it has prevented them from going blind, and cancer patients for whom it alleviates the severe nausea that is often accompanies chemotherapy and sometimes makes lifesaving treatment impossible. Due to all these lobbying groups which show subeztial evidence that marijuana can be used as a prescribed drug. Also many advocates who are pro marijuana complain that morphine and cocaine are legal and are very dangerous drugs, that brings up the question why not legalize marijuana as medical drug which is proven to be less dangerous than cocaine and morphine. Lobbying groups in a San Diego, California , council committee unanimously voted to urge president Bill Clinton and congress to end federal restrictions against the use of marijuana for " legitiment medical use." City council women Christine kehoe said she wanted the city of San Diego "to go on the record we support the medical use marijuana.; marijuana can be a drug of necessity in the treatment of AIDS, glaucoma, cancer and multiple sclerosis." Many agencies which are anti marijuana such as Drug Enforcement Agency and police departments argue that marijuana shouldn't be legalized. These agencies believe that marijuana shouldn't be legalized because if marijuana is to become legal then thousands more patients using marijuana. Then people will raise the question why marijuana illegal at all if its a medicine. The main reason why the Drug Enforcement Agency doesn't want marijuana to be legal is because their is no hard core evidence that proves that marijuana is a effective drug as a medicine. In twenty years of research have produced no reliable scientific proof that marijuana has medical value. The American Cancer Society , American Glaucoma Society,the National Multiple Sclerosis, the American Academy of Ophthalmology, or the American Medical Association , say that their is no evidence that marijuana is a medicine. The agencies also argues that no other drug prescribed is smoked and that knew findings show that marijuana is acutely harmful to AIDS, Cancer patients because the active ingredient in marijuana acutely reduces the the bodies white blood cells which fight off infection. The Drug Enforcement Agency along with police departments all over the United States believe, with the legalization of drugs crime will increase due to a higher increase of pot users which will eventually become addicts and will still or kill in order to get their drugs. These are the main points and reasons why the Drug named marijuana shouldn't be legalized in the United States of America. Seeing booth sides of the issue I come to a conclusion that marijuana should be legalized in order to help people suffering from terminal diseases such as AIDS, Cancer and Glaucoma. Prohibition of marijuana over the past decades hasn't deminshed the demand of the drug in the United States. The use of marijuana has acutely went up due to the mass attention given to marijuana by rappers such as Cypress Hill who promote the use of marijuana as a social drug. But I believe that marijuana is here to stay in our society and is only going through the stages that alcohol had during the prohibition era. Marijuana will become legal due to the knew administration which is liberal and who's leader, president Bill Clinton who had acutely used marijuana during the nineteen sixties. Due to all these factors marijuana will become more widely accepted by the American people who will pressure congress to rewrite the laws on the drug marijuana. Now its only a matter of time before lobbying groups pressure the legislature to legalize it. Due to legalization many

Growth in the Economy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Growth in the Economy - Coursework Example Improving the efficiency of the workers would require lesser number of workers to complete a job in comparison to the situation when the workers’ skills were not upgraded. The money saved by employing lesser number of workers can be utilized to make the payments for the technological and skill up gradation. The enlargement in the production level of the country, both as a result of increasing employment and the efficiency enhancement of the workers, would enable the producers to cut the price levels of the products and the services. This decrease in the price level would in turn augment the consumption level of the general public, which in turn would raise the level of aggregate demand in the country (Arestis & Et. Al., 2002). Fiscal policies can lower the rate of unemployment by assisting to enhance the aggregate demand. Fiscal policies that should be employed are lowering of tax rates and also boosting the government expenditure. The rise in the government spending should co mplement the national income level that would check unemployment. Low rate of taxes would augment the disposable earnings of the citizens and as a result the consumption level of the public would also rise. This increase in the aggregate demand would have more than proportionate impact on the national income as a result of the multiplier effect. This would subsequently lead to an enhancement in the country’s GDP. The enhancement in the national GDP would lead to an enlargement in the demand for workforce to meet the requirements of the amplified consumption level. Thus, this would lower the level of unemployment that is caused due to the deficiency of demand (Baumol &... The paper shows us a brief analysis of fiscal policies which can lower the rate of unemployment by assisting to enhance the aggregate demand. Fiscal policies that should be employed are lowering of tax rates and also boosting the government expenditure. The rise in the government spending should complement the national income level that would check unemployment. Low rate of taxes would augment the disposable earnings of the citizens and as a result the consumption level of the public would also rise. This increase in the aggregate demand would have more than proportionate impact on the national income as a result of the multiplier effect. The paper approves that the multiplier effect would not be able to take place if there is no overall rise in the consumption level of the country. Certain economic advisors may not consider tax cut to be favorable because temporary measures such as reduction in the tax rates would not have much multiplier impact as compared to permanent measures According to the paper the rising budget deficit would hamper the interest of the nation because with the rise in the deficit the government would have to pay higher rate of interest for financing the shortage and this would have a negative impact on the economic growth of the country. Moreover, the growing deficit would enlarge the national debt value and would result in higher rates of interest and taxes, which would affect the level of consumption as well as investment spending negatively

Degree in a Language Other than Ones Mother Tongue Article

Degree in a Language Other than Ones Mother Tongue - Article Example When the entire coursework one has to read and comprehend for the degree is in a language other than one’s mother tongue, it calls for an extra effort to see to it that everything is properly understood. It is definitely going to be tougher task than reading study materials in one’s own language. One has to assume that the student will be tested to have basic proficiency in the medium of instruction in which the degree is to be studied. However, a basic proficiency in the language may not be sufficient to follow different registers of the language. A degree course will necessarily feature a lot of specialist vocabulary that the student is supposed to pick up fast. For a foreign user of the language, it may take double the time to pick up such specialist words, since their explanations will also demand a working level knowledge of the language. This may in fact lead to initial hiccups which would dissuade many students from continuing the course. They may feel left out f rom the group of students who are more proficient and at ease in the medium of instruction.The problem mentioned above can in fact be overcome and turned into a benefit if the student is willing to dedicate quality time in enhancing her/his knowledge in the language simultaneously with the work done for the degree course. At least two dictionaries could be used to meet the challenges of the new language– one dictionary gives explanations of the words in the new language to the students mother tongue, and another dictionary gives simple explanations of the words in the new language

Learing Secondary Languages should be supported Research Paper

Learing Secondary Languages should be supported - Research Paper Example Linguistic barriers prove to be the biggest barriers in the way of building up of rapport between employees because they are not able to understand one another. This paper explores some of the potential advantages of the knowledge of second language. Learning second language provides an individual with an opportunity to immigrate to the country / countries whose languages are known by him/her. Learning second language is particularly beneficial for people who are nationals of the poor countries because they do not have as many opportunities as available to people who are nationals of such advanced countries as America, Australia, Canada, and Britain. A lot of people belonging to such underdeveloped countries as India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh tend to migrate to the richer economies in order to have a better standard of living, and many of them become successful in their endeavors. Once migrated, even if they drive a cab or deliver a pizza, they earn much more than what they did in th eir homeland. They do not need very high paying jobs in order to be convinced to migrate. They become satisfied as long as they are earning more than they did in their own country. Luckily, in a vast majority of cases, they do earn more abroad. However, this opportunity can not be availed by an individual unless he/she has sufficient knowledge of the language spoken in the foreign country. In order to move to UK, an individual is supposed to have attained at least the minimum established score of the International English Language Testing System (IELTS), which in a vast majority of cases is 5, though it becomes 6 if the purpose of travel is educational. The minimum score varies from criterion to criterion, though it can not be attained unless the individual has tried to learn the second language in the past. These exams are really tough and one is checked on various linguistic abilities. For example, the four modules of IELTS check an individual’s ability in speaking, reading , writing, and listening English. Thus, an individual is considered eligible for travel only if he/she is sufficiently competent in each of the four areas of language. Once an individual manages to cross this barrier through learning second language, the world is open to him/her and he/she can totally change and improve his/her future abroad. Knowledge of second language boosts the brain power of an individual. â€Å"Children in foreign language programs have tended to demonstrate greater cognitive development, creativity, and divergent thinking than monolingual children† (Peckham). According to Moran and Hakuta (cited in Ukrainian Bilingual Programs), students with knowledge of multiple languages are able to achieve more in such academic tests as the cognitive flexibility, creativity and the Provincial Achievement Exams than students who do not have knowledge of the same. Knowledge of second language is fundamental to the attainment of higher education in foreign countries. Schools and colleges in the underdeveloped countries are not as advanced as the ones in developed countries. There is lack of research, and the paraphernalia of laboratory are not sufficient to inculcate sound knowledge of the concepts in the students. As a result of this, many students opt to study abroad, though knowledge of second

Analysing The Universality Of Human Rights Philosophy Essay

Analysing The Universality Of Human Rights Philosophy Essay Abstract:This paper aims to critically study and assess the different perspectives on the universality of human rights,and locate the position of the perspectives according to Dembours four schools of thoughts. The perspectives of human rights on cultural divesity and linguistic diversity have also been emphasized upon here. Universality of Human Rights its Different Pespectives Human Rights are rights that one is entitled to enjoy simply because of thefact that he is a human being. These are equal and inalienable for all , and cannot be denied to anyone human in nature and form. Thus they are Universal in nature, and function as a legitimate standard for a political system. This ofcourse willlead to a discussion of being human and enjoying the human rights(Donelly 2003). Being Human beings, everyone deserves to enjoy certain rights after fulfilling certain obligations to the society. These fulfillment of obligations are based on morality of the people as an individual and as a class, judged by the society at large and then being endowed with certain privileges to be enjoyed in the form of Political rights. Rectitude and entitlement, the two aspects of a right, are directed towards a preset standard of conduct, which bings forth the duty and obligation that an individual is expected to perform, and calls for individual and universal attention towards righteousness . Performance of this duty entitles the individual to enjoy the et of privileges in the form of a right. To have a right to something, makes one entltled to own the sole authority to enjoy it, denial or repression of which entitles one to have special claim for justice. Rights enjoyed by one cannot be reduced because it clashes with correlative duties of another, neither can it be reduced for enjoying a benefit. Hence, rights give authority to its holders , and not just benefits( Donelly 2003). Rights are meant to be exercised, enjoyed, respected, and enforced.These are the four principle dimensions of a right. Respecting ones rights gives other the privelege of enjoying and asserting his own rights, otherwise it is liable to be questioned , threatened or denied. A violation of a right is an injustice doneto someone, and is subject to distinctive force and remedial logic(Donelly 2003). Ludwig Wittgenstein, the analytical philosopher propagated that a concept should not be defined by what one thinks it means , but by its meaning and practice in everyday life. One should rather analyse facts on the basis of observation, rather than thinking. This led to the introduction of his concept of Family Resemblance The concept of Human rights when approached through the family resemblance matrix, highlight the following factors: Morality Their existence disregarding social recognition Possessed by every human being Their arbitrariness Emergence through political and social struggle Their usage for political communication Servitude to bourgeois Basis on human nature Bear a socio-legal concensus Ability toget transformed into legal rights ( Dembour 2006). Dembour argues that , although most people believe in the combination of the first three factors as the essential element of the concept of Human Rights, or that human rights exist irrespective of bein having social recognition as every man is deemed to enjoy it being human beings as the rights are framed on the basis of human nature, it should not be assumed that it rests on a socio- legal consensus, or bears arbitrariness in its state. He believes that Human Rights have come into existence as result of force of language use, and believes that they would cease to exist if conversation ordiscussions about them die down Different competingconcepts of Human rights exist inthe society,and people fight to establish their own opinions disregarding others. Donellys concept og Human Rights though is encouraging for many, but highlight some political or intellectual inadequacies in termsof moral integrity in his book Universal Rights in Theory and Practice. Harshers Philosphy Of Human Rights points out that Human Rights demands that every single individuals dignity is considered in an existing political norm, where one individuals security of Human Rights leads to the security of another , mankifesting this security to an indefinite expanse and time in the society(Dembour 2006). Every individual craves for recognition in the personal and intimate level where an identity is formed, as well as in the broader socio-politcal level. The uniform formation or malformation of an identity and recognition leads to infringement or violation of rights by one on the other. The politics of universalism emphasizes on equal dignity of all citizens, barring division in the society leading to classes of citizenship. However, from the politics of Universalism grows the politics of differences, when one shifts from the universally familiar and accepted practices in the society (Taylor 1994). This is the basis of differentiation amongst the fellow members of the society , which threatens the universality of theHuman Rights and often leads to its violation. While enjoying their human rights,individuals tendto forget that their forbearers had to fight to acquire them,and hence they need to be protected. Hence it is often found that Human Right issues are treated with a Machiavellean approach, with the sole intention of maintaining ones interests and dominion power( Dembour2006). A study of Dembours four schools of thought would further help to understand the different perspectives of Human Rights. Position of the Perspectives:Dembours 4 schools of thought on Human Rights Based on the analysis of the thoughts of the scholars, Debmour has broadly categorised all discussions on human rights to be based on four schools, namely- The Natural Scholars: These group of scholars believe inthe existence ofthe Human Rights independent of social recognition, laying their basis on the Universe,God, Reason or any Transcendental source. Their basis of Human rights is much contradictory according to Dembour, as they propagate that it is based on human nature as well as consensus. The Natural Scholars argue that human rights constitute a social choice of a particular moral vision of human potentiality, which is directly linked to the historical rise and consolidation of liberalism in the modern west. This according to Dembour is contradictory as human rights cannot have their existence always as well as historically. The Natural scholars according to him perceive Human Rights as universal even though they come to receive a single means of expression. They do not depend on an actual manifestation of it on the context of t he international law, disregarding the metaphysical basis.Some natural scholars again, do not agree t hat consensus is the basis of Human Rights.In this regard , Michael Freeman disagrees with Donelly for considering consensus as a basis of Human Rights in order to avoid conflicting and contradictory philosophical theories on Human Rights. Scholars like Donelly consider Human rights to be readily protected,and wantedthe most when they are not enjoyed. The Natural scholars on the aspect of embodiment of human rights by human laws opine that human beings can actually have human rights because they are humans. The Protest Schlars:These scholars believe that, Human Rights is language to express a protest, and is not an entitlement as thought by others. Harscher, one ofthe prominant scholars of this schol of thought argues that thebasis of human rights on God and reason should be should be absolutely discarded for the sole reason that god is non existent, and reason does not transcend as it is focused only on itself. The protest scholars depend more on things that are less specific and deal with social consciousness.However, Harschers view of considering the existence of a society where human rights are efficiently protected naturally is very m,uch surprising as the protest scholars are naturally never satisfied with whatever they receive in this world but ask for more. They always visualize human rights injustice, and want tofight the abuses of the rights. On the aspect of embodiment of human rights by human laws, the protest scholars argue that ,human rights are always beyond reach, being the negative principle at the heart of social imaginery. Dembour points out, Rights therefore according to the Protest scholars are -moral claims or aspirations, which challenge the status- quo, and are chiefly concerned with the oppressed class of people. They evolve historically and are directed towards a more free and egalitarian human society. The Deliberative Scholars: The most interesting part about this group ofscholars is that, they stay committed to human rights withou believingin them, though both the natural scholars as well as the protest scholars strongly believe inhuman rights. The Deliberative scholars consider human rights to be an essential string of procedural principles or legal and political values that is necessary for running the government. They believe human rights should not dictate howthings should be substantively , but rather act as guiding principles of a process. Both Michael Ignatief f and Conor Gearty ,the two prominent representatives of this school are of this opinion.They believe that there cannot be any human rights beyond human rights law, and the sole objective of human rights should be about the process, and not attaining the right moral solutions. The Deliberative scholars are non-religious in their approach to human rights and get itassociated with the concept of liberalism. The Discourse Scholars: The Discourse scholars are a bit cynical about the existence of human rights. Makau Mutua in his book Human Rights:A A Political And CulturalCritique presents his scepticism saying that human rights cannot necessarily present the best means to alleviate suffering. He further mentions that, to him the very concept of human rights seems dangerous as far as the human society is concerned, and Universality in terms of Human Rights is even more shocking. Wendy Browm has a different opinion than Mutua, but expresses her doubt pertaining to Human rights asking about the standpoint of Human rights, in the perspective of International justice project, or should it be considered as a progressive international justice project. Thediscourse scholars not only insist on the non-naturalness of human rights, but also question the benefits of human rights on the individuals as well as the society.They point out at the inefectivity of the concept of the human rights , but fail to provide an appropriate standpoint on this discourse, and explain what their alternative would rather be. (Dembour2006) Human Rights Perspectives on Diversity Cultural diversity in any state calls for cultural recognition in the political governance of a state,and have been reflected by various ethno-national movements, language groups, indegenous people, migrant communities. Cultural diversity has become a major challenge for many nations, and affects their policy making. Globalization is one ofthe major factors responsible for cultural diversification. The intense capital flow in the market, the post-Fordist production methods, and the widespread western consumer culture globally has given rise to various social movements that lay emphasis on their own distinct ethnicity, linguism or religion. The common claim of all these movements is to be included equally in the mainstream society, and their particular identities be recognized publicly. Cultural diversity has become a major threat to the nation states,where claims of cultural recognition put forwarded by different social movement groups has started to be considered as a majotr threat to the stability of the state and national unity.Theoretically,governing a culturally diversepolity has become a major challengingand controversial issue for the nation states, with the institutionalization of Human Rights in the cultural and social platform. The international human rights have far reaching contributions in the periphery of national citizenship. Its institutionalization in both goverment and non-governmental organizations has led to the establishment of a Universal Personhood,which go beyond the arena of classical modern political tradition. The Right of equality and non-discrimination have thus been specifically mentioned in articles peraining to individual rights to cultural identity andminority rights, obliging governments of the state to take up a pro-active approach in promoting the identity of all minorities within their territories(ICCPR Article 27 adopted by the UN in 1996)(Koenig Guchteneire 2007). Multi-Culturalism In General Multiculturalism terminoligically refers to practice of sharing a set of positive evaluation of cultural traditions and ethnic identities of minorities. The literatures, arts and even politics cites evidences about it, acknowledging the intellectual and artiostic contributions of the minorities, though multiculturist thought is often accusedof promoting nihilism as they are considered to be influenced by Derrida.The basic challenge faced by multicultural societies is,on one hand they are entitled to enjoy the rights and opportunities of a ;liberal democracy, on the other hand they also have the right to maintain their identity and remain different. This directly contradictsthenationalistic view of a state which maintains that a state should have a homogeneous culture. This refers to necessity of cultural uniformity, shared territory and citizenship as the basis of nation integrity and political legitimacy. The Classic Enlightenment thought highlights that a universal human civilizati on existed, which was accessible to all human beings. Propagators of German Romanticism emphasized that every nationality has their own linguistic and cultural character, which it had a right to defend. This concept developed as a defense against french Universalism restrained itself from interfering with individual human rights. Every society is a multicultural one irrespective of the fact of holding diverse ethnic groups, as it id full of individuals havinf different values and views peraining to the world. The practice of Multiculturalism in a society in thas respect can be a practice of instigating strong individualistic thinking, about personhood. If the core practices of multiculturalism is based on institutionalised diffrerences, it has the definite poossibility of regressing into apartheid, nihilism, or enforced ascription of cultural identities( Eriksen 1996,pgs 49-53). Linguistic Diversity Language is one ofthe three major dimensions of cultural diversity. Historically it is evident that Nation States have been formed on the basis of linguistic homogeneity,so as to ease the process of communicatrion in the governance. The most sensisite challenge that a government faces is blending a collective identity with the territorially based national movement. Though Linguistic diversity does not lead to seccesionist movements, it sufficientently threatens a democracy. Language being the most essential form of communication, no state can maintain a state of neutrality as far as language is concerned. Apart from carrying out communicative and instrumental function,language also performs symbolic functions and contributes to the cobnstruction of collective identity. State building is often characterised by linguistic homogenization as found in the case of France. The standardization of scripts, grammar , semantics and cannonization of literatures are the most important policy tool s involved in the process of state building. The Classical Democratic Theory is essentially develop on this linguistic characteristics of a state, where language is considerd as the main public discourse. This modular concept is presently challenged by the defacto linguistic diversity that arises out of international migration abnd social networks which is basedon the new electronic media communication,and by dejure linguistic pluralism imposed on the nation states by the international human rights regimes.Ferdenand de Varennes argues that, language rights are generally considered as basic human rights of freedom of expression and non-discrimination both in the global as well as various regional human rights regimes. Thet are inadequately captured by notions of unenforceable collective or minority rights. It is argued that claims to the privalkte and public use of minority language rights are more justified as individual human rights. However since minorities cannot be termed as bea rers of collective rights, the transnational legal discourse on human rights de-legitinmizes strong policies of language homogenization and clearly obliges states to respect and promote linguistic diversity (Koenig Guchteneire 2007). Conlusion To conclude, it can be said that governing cultural and linguistic diversity is a very important and controversial issue in contemporary politics whethe in the domestic politics or international politics. States in order to accomodate increased cultural diversity has to balance by recognition of the diferences. They also have to promote equal participation of the minorities, ethnic groups and indegenous groups publicly, and with a vision towardsthe future should frame policies accordingly. This task alls for framing suitable policy making pertaining to trhe issues of the ethnic, linguistic and religious claims for recognition, going beyond classical institutional contours and modern nation-state. They also highlight that while human rights provide some normative yardsticks for making policies pertaining to these issues there are no simple or easy solution for dealing with the burning challenge of cultural diversity. The dynamics of ethnic ,linguistic, and religious diversity follow t heir own logics which are varied depending on the historical trajectories of state formation and nation building. Therefore,to accomodate cultural diversity it is essential to find highly context-sensitive pluralistic policy designs. Having knowledge of socio-historical context are pre-conditions for framing successful pluralistic policies that would contribute successfully to the political governance of cultural diversity. (Koenig Guchteneire 2007).

A Peaceful Evacuation Essay

The purpose of this paper is to explain what leadership style Lieutenant Colonel Yaron exhibited as the commander of battalion for the evacuation operations. This paper will give three examples of his leadership action and behaviors. This paper will also analyze the leadership style that Lieutenant Colonel Daniel exhibited and give three examples of his leadership action and behaviors. It will discuss the pros and cons of each example given. This paper will then compare and contrast the two Lieutenants and it will take a look at the interrelationship using Jung theory and the four personality traits. Lieutenant Colonel Yaron There are many types of leadership styles one can only imagine what type of leader one would need to be in order to handle the difficult task at hand that Lieutenant Colonel Yaron had to encounter. Yaron displayed two types of leaders: directive and participative. During his trial on striving to gain a grasp on what he should do to make this project successful he had many face-to face meetings, telephone calls, and email communications with some top officers in the air force. He was very hands on when it came to approaching commanders of units so he could find suitable soldiers for his task. He even stated himself that he â€Å"finally felt direct openness and communication between the senior commander and his subordinates† (Laufer, 2012). Yaron needed that feeling that everyone was on the same page and he didn’t want to move forward with a plan until he knew that everyone one was. This was all a ploy to make sure that the morale level was at one and it worked just nicely. What makes Yarn a participative leader is him putting himself in the same situation that one of his soldiers may be in. for example the visited a home that one of his soldiers would be coming into soon to remove the people within. That experience made him see how settlers were emotionally and how to tell his soldiers how to address the settlers. It was that firsthand experience that made his mission a peaceful mission. The pros of being a directive leader in Yaron case is that he had open communication several departments so everyone was on the same page. This helped keep the lines of communication seamless so there should be no reason  to wonder what Yaron wanted and how he wanted to do it. The cons in having this time of leadership in Yaro n’s case is that there were many people that didn’t want to follow his plan at first. This could have caused people to rally up against him spread false word about him eventually driving him out of the position he was appointed to. Sometimes keeping information to oneself is half the battle won. Not everyone should know the cards that you hold in your hand. Yaron Him putting himself in the â€Å"battlefield† is great as far as experience is concerned. He was able to relate to the settlers and give that valuable information over to his battalion so they would be prepared. The best teacher is experience. The con of that could have been him being injured and now the army would have to find another leader to help the soldiers remove the settlers from Gaza. Being a leader at times means putting you self in harm’s way. Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Lieutenant Colonel Daniel style was that of consultative and participative leadership style. This is shown by Daniels working with a team of psychologist to help refine the guidelines for the evacuation project. He went through several think tanks to see what would work best for the mission at hand. Once he was able to find the best method he then set up workshops. â€Å"In these workshops, participates were trained to evacuate children and families form their home and to cope with the possibility of evacuation under fire and violence on the part of the settlers† (Laufer, 2012). Daniel was concerned about the mental and emotional well being of both the evacuators and evacuees. The cons of being this type of leader is it helps to display an culture of trust where the members of they team know that you have their best interest in mind and will make sure that any actions that are taken will help ensure you are protected and cared for. It also helps the leader serve as a figure he ad of the group and gains respect from the members of the group. The con to this is that it could be looked at as a weakness. Many times leaders have to make decisions that are not popular with the masses of the group. They make decisions that are bigger than the group but reaps a better benefit for the project as a whole. If a leader was to be so focused on their member’s feelings or concerns it could cloud their judgment and show weakness in their ability to make decisions. Lieutenant Colonel Yaron verse Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Lieutenant Colonel Yaron and Lieutenant Colonel Daniel have some leadership qualities in common such as they both care about their evacuators and evacuates. They both wanted to make sure that both parities involved understood the dynamics of what was attempting to be done and wanted both parties to be mentally and physically prepared of what may happen. Both Yaron and Daniel took advice from others around them to ensure they were making the best decision. They were not afraid to revamp and try another method in order to complete their mission. Also they both wanted a peaceful outcome of their removal of the Jews from Gaza. End the end the goal was clear to make sure both parties left unharmed and to have the least amount of confusion as possible. When looking at the differences in the leadership roles it safe to say that Yaron took this mission on as his own personal challenge, â€Å"Yaron, who perceived it as a personal challenge, immediately responded favorably and one week later was informed that the Air Force Commander had approved his appointment† (Laufer, 2012). Daniel on the other hand was just trying to help out the mission no personal attachments were needed for him. Yaron took on many roles as he was coming up with solution for the evacuation such as being apart of the planning team, training team and chief supplier. Yaron also differed from Daniels because he actually went out to meet evacuates to see how the felt and to see the environment that the soldiers would be working in. This is what gave him the upper hand on making his mission successful. He was afraid to do of him self what he asked his soldiers to do. Today both of these types of leaders still live today so it’s safe to say that they would lead in the same fashion as they did before. One is not better that the other though one should be over a different project than the other. The Jung theory and personality traits would consider individualism, these gentlemen acted as though they were content and satisfied with their outcome and decision made to retrieve their outcome, indicating individualism or persona being used. Both had some type of spirituality and or alchemy involved when making their decision, this can be seen by the sensitivity being used doing the evacuation process. Conclusion In conclusion Lieutenant Colonel Yarn and Lieutenants Colonel Daniel had many  personality traits in common and those that differed from each other. At the end of their evacuation both leaders used what traits they had within them to make the best possible decision that they both thought worked best for them and the members involved. This just goes to show that there is no wrong way to lead as long as everyone has the same goal to achieve. Reference: Laufer, A. (2012). Mastering the leadership role in project management: Practices that deliver remarkable results. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall-Pearson A Peaceful Evacuation Essay According to Vance Packard, leadership appears to be the art of getting others to want to do something that you are convinced should be done (Lewis, 2003). Leadership is a pertinent part of project management. James Lewis (2003) says leadership is not a position; it’s the ability to gain commitment from people. According to Professor Warren G. Bennis, â€Å"Leaders are people who do the right thing; managers are people who do things right†. The importance of leadership in a project is demonstrated in the case study, â€Å"A Peaceful Evacuation: Building a Multi-Project Team Battalion by Leading Upward†. This case study involves two leaders, who had similar, but mostly, different leadership styles and strategies. Lieutenant Colonels Yaron and Daniel were both put in charge of enforcing a Disengagement Plan brought forth by Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon and finding the best course of action to evacuate settlements along the Gaza Strip. In this essay, I will a nalyze the leadership styles of Lieutenant Colonels Yaron and Daniel and provider three examples of the leadership actions and behaviors for each subject. This essay will then compare and contrast the Lieutenants and will examine the interrelationship using the four personality traits and the Jung theory. Lieutenant Colonel Daniel, the chief psychologist of the Southern Command, felt that research was the first step in the project. Daniel conducted searched to locate relevant information on the topic of evacuation to learn from the experience of the past (Laufer, 2012). In the case study, Daniel uses adaptive and participative leadership styles. An adaptive leadership style is a fluid style that takes into consideration the context of the environment and the individual being led. For example, Daniel says, â€Å"Due to the complex situation, we were concerned that the emotional burden on the soldiers would be too heavy†¦Our success will be measured by the ability to help find the correct balance between determination and sensitivity†. A participative leadership style seeks input from others and participates with those they are leading in the decision making process. An example of this leadership style is when Daniel gathered other Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) psychologists for a â€Å"day of thinking together,† with the objective of  expressing and listening to their different opinions about potential problems that may arise in the evacuation project (Laufer, 2012). Daniel’s strategy was to brainstorm to identify key issues and mitigate risks. He felt that preparation was the key to completing the mission. Daniel also used the term â€Å"we†, instead of â€Å"I†. His group of psychologists worked as team to identify how to execute the mission according to the government’s guidelines while ensuring that the damage incurred during the evacuation itself would be minimal. Lieutenant Colonel Yaron displayed two types of leadership styles: directive and participative. Directive style is telling people what to do and expecting them to jump right to it. It is one of the oldest styles and frequently called autocratic. Yaron was accustomed to being lead with this style so, in turn; he used the same leadership style to lead. Yaron was very hands-on and encouraged the battalion’s company commanders to initiate ongoing meetings with their soldiers. Yaron met, called and emailed with some of the top officers in the air force. He made immediate inquiries with the top colonels through face-to-face meetings, telephone calls, and email communication. Because of this style, Yaron found that the quality and motivation of certain staff fell far short of meeting his needs (Laufer, 2012). Yaron wanted to make sure that everyone was on the same page. Yaron is a participative leader because he went to tour the settlement first hand. He wanted to know what his batta lion would have to deal with. By visiting the settlement, Yaron realized that the mission could not be successful with average squad leaders. Squad leaders must be top notch because they will be the ones interacting with the people. A Peaceful Evacuation Essay Describe the leadership style that Lieutenant Colonel Yaron exhibited as the commander of a battalion for theevacuation operation. Provide three (3) examples of his leadership actions and behavior. Discuss the pros and cons in each example you describe to support the response. Analyze the leadership style that Lieutenant Colonel Daniel exhibited as he took center stage to lead this complex military operation. Provide three (3) examples of his leadership actions and behavior, assessing the pros and cons in each example you describe to support the response. Compare and contrast the leadership styles of Lieutenant Colonel Yaron and Lieutenant Colonel Daniel. Provide three (3) examples of the similarities and differences between these project leaders, and discuss how each leader might address contemporary leadership issues and challenges in Israel today. Discuss Lieutenant Colonel Yaron and Lieutenant Colonel Daniel interrelationship using Jung theory and the four (4) personality traits. Provide three (3) examples of how Lieutenant Colonel Yaron and Lieutenant Colonel Daniel personality and leadership style might enhance or hinder team performance for the complex military operation in this case study. Your assignment must: Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions. Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length. The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are: Apply the concepts of project leadership to implement sound leadership practices and effectively lead high-performance teams in a project environment. Determine the most appropriate leadership style (e.g., directive, consultative, participative, or delegative) in a projectenvironment to effectively manage the project. Analyze the project team using Jung theory and the four personality traits to understand human  behavior and motivate team members Use technology and information resources to research issues in project management leadership. Write clearly and concisely about project management leadership using proper writing mechanics. A Peaceful Evacuation Essay Abstract The purpose of this paper is to explain what leadership style Lieutenant Colonel Yaron exhibited as the commander of battalion for the evacuation operations. This paper will give three examples of his leadership action and behaviors. This paper will also analyze the leadership style that Lieutenant Colonel Daniel exhibited and give three examples of his leadership action and behaviors. It will discuss the pros and cons of each example given. This paper will then compare and contrast the two Lieutenants and it will take a look at the interrelationship using Jung theory and the four personality traits. Lieutenant Colonel Yaron There are many types of leadership styles one can only imagine what type of leader one would need to be in order to handle the difficult task at hand that Lieutenant Colonel Yaron had to encounter. Yaron displayed two types of leaders: directive and participative. During his trial on striving to gain a grasp on what he should do to make this project successful he had many face-to face meetings, telephone calls, and email communications with some top officers in the air force. He was very hands on when it came to approaching commanders of units so he could find suitable soldiers for his task. He even stated himself that he â€Å"finally felt direct openness and communication between the senior commander and his subordinates† (Laufer, 2012). Yaron needed that feeling that everyone was on the same page and he didn’t want to move forward with a plan until he knew that everyone one was. This was all a ploy to make sure that the morale level was at one and it worked just nice ly. What makes Yarn a participative leader is him putting himself in the same situation that one of his soldiers may be in. for example the visited a home that one of his soldiers would be coming into soon to remove the people within. That experience made him see how settlers were emotionally and how to tell his soldiers how to address the settlers. It was that firsthand experience that made his mission a peaceful mission. The pros of being a directive leader in Yaron case is that he had open communication several departments so everyone was on the same page. This helped keep the lines of communication seamless so there should be no reason to wonder what Yaron wanted and how he wanted to do it. The cons in having this time of leadership in Yaron’s case is that there were many people that didn’t want to follow his plan at first. This could have caused people to rally up against him spread false word about him eventually driving him out of the position he was appointed to. Sometimes keeping information to oneself is half the battle won. Not everyone should know the cards that you hold in your hand. Yaron Him putting himself in the â€Å"battlefield† is great as far as experience is concerned. He was able to relate to the settlers and give that valuable information over to his battalion so they would be prepared. The best teacher is experience. The con of that could have been him being injured and now the army would have to find another leader to help the soldiers remove the settlers from Gaza. Being a leader at times means putting you self in harm’s way. Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Lieutenant Colonel Daniel style was that of consultative and participative leadership style. This is shown by Daniels working with a team of psychologist to help refine the guidelines for the evacuation project. He went through several think tanks to see what would work best for the mission at hand. Once he was able to find the best method he then set up workshops. â€Å"In these workshops, participates were trained to evacuate children and families form their home and to cope with the possibility of evacuation under fire and violence on the part of the settlers† (Laufer, 2012). Daniel was concerned about the mental and emotional well being of both the evacuators and evacuees. The cons of being this type of leader is it helps to display an culture of trust where the members of they team know that you have their best interest in mind and will make sure that any actions that are taken will help ensure you are protected and cared for. It also helps the leader serve as a figure he ad of the group and gains respect from the members of the group. The con to this is that it could be looked at as a weakness. Many times leaders have to make decisions that are not popular with the masses of the group. They make decisions that are bigger than the group but reaps a better benefit for the project as a whole. If a leader was to be so focused on their member’s feelings or concerns it could cloud their judgment and show weakness in their ability to make decisions. Lieutenant Colonel Yaron verse Lieutenant Colonel Daniel Lieutenant Colonel Yaron and Lieutenant Colonel Daniel have some leadership qualities in common such as they both care about their evacuators and evacuates. They both wanted to make sure that both parities involved understood the dynamics of what was attempting to be done and wanted both parties to be mentally and physically prepared of what may happen. Both Yaron and Daniel took advice from others around them to ensure they were making the best decision. They were not afraid to revamp and try another method in order to complete their mission. Also they both wanted a peaceful outcome of their removal of the Jews from Gaza. End the end the goal was clear to make sure both parties left unharmed and to have the least amount of confusion as possible. When looking at the differences in the leadership roles it safe to say that Yaron took this mission on as his own personal challenge, â€Å"Yaron, who perceived it as a personal challenge, immediately responded favorably and one week later was informed that the Air Force Commander had approved his appointment† (Laufer, 2012). Daniel on the other hand was just trying to help out the mission no personal attachments were needed for him. Yaron took on many roles as he was coming up with solution for the evacuation such as being apart of the planning team, training team and chief supplier. Yaron also differed from Daniels because he actually went out to meet evacuates to see how the felt and to see the environment that the soldiers would be working in. This is what gave him the upper hand on making his mission successful. He was afraid to do of him self what he asked his soldiers to do. Today both of these types of leaders still live today so it’s safe to say that they would lead in the same fashion as they did before. One is not better that the other though one should be over a different project than the other. The Jung theory and personality traits would consider individualism, these gentlemen acted as though they were content and satisfied with their outcome and decision made to retrieve their outcome, indicating individualism or persona being used. Both had some type of spirituality and or alchemy involved when making their decision, this can be seen by the sensitivity being used doing the evacuation process. Conclusion In conclusion Lieutenant Colonel Yarn and Lieutenants Colonel Daniel had many  personality traits in common and those that differed from each other. At the end of their evacuation both leaders used what traits they had within them to make the best possible decision that they both thought worked best for them and the members involved. This just goes to show that there is no wrong way to lead as long as everyone has the same goal to achieve. Reference: Laufer, A. (2012). Mastering the leadership role in project management: Practices that deliver remarkable results. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall-Pearson

Analysis of a Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen

Honesty in Marriage In A Doll’s House, Ibsen uses role reversal between Nora and Christine to show the importance of honesty in a good marriage versus dishonesty. Nora and Torvald have the dishonest marriage and that proves to turn out badly for their relationship in the end. Christine remained an honest person and ended up with a rekindled relationship with her old love. At the very beginning, everything seems fine with Torvald and Nora if Nora’s initial act of dishonesty is ignored. Torvald calls to her first. â€Å"When did my squirrel come home? (Act I) Right after answering him, Nora does her best to hide the macaroons she had eaten against Torvald’s wishes by stuffing the bag in her pocket and frantically wiping the evidence from her mouth. All is seemingly well between them besides Nora’s lack of willpower against cookies. When Christine comes on the scene, she is alone. She has come to where Nora lives to find work (even though she feels overworke d). She is completely honest about her situation with Nora though. From the beginning Christine seems to have nothing to hide.She explains how she spent her life taking care of her family and how she no longer has someone to care for other than herself. Later in the play, when Nora and Torvald go to the party, Nora’s mind is less on dancing the Tarantella and more on the letter Krogstad had written for Torvald. In the letter was the truth about how Nora was able to pay for Torvald’s treatment in Paris. All this time, Torvald was thinking the money came from Nora’s father when in reality, Nora illegally forged her father’s name in order to obtain a loan from the bank at which Krogstad was employed.Nora broke to law by doing business without a man and had not notified her husband. Now Nora is doing her best to stall Torvald in hope of not letting him read his letter from his letterbox. She does her best to be subtle by begging to stay at the party longer. T orvald refuses to give in to her pleas and eventually reads the letter. The result is not pretty. Torvald becomes furious, â€Å"And as for you and me, it must appear as if everything between us were just as before–but naturally only in the eyes of the world. You will still remain in my house, that is a matter of course.But I shall not allow you to bring up the children; I dare not trust them to you. To think that I should be obliged to say so to one whom I have loved so dearly, and whom I still–. No, that is all over. From this moment happiness is not the question; all that concerns us is to save the remains, the fragments, the appearance—† (Act III) Torvald’s idea of a solution is to do his best to hide the situation as best her can by trying to appease Krogstad. Then he wants to keep Nora as a prisoner in her own home while simultaneously isolating her from her own children indefinitely.All this time, Nora’s lies has cost her the relation ship she thought she had with her husband. At the same time, Torvald has been hiding his true self from Nora. She never expected him to react in such a way and this lead her to make, more than likely, one of the hardest decision’s she’s ever had to make. While Nora stresses about Krogstad’s letter, Christina decides to pay him a visit and does what Nora should have done with Torvald. Christine tells Krogstad the truth. She explains to Krogstad why they could not be together in the past.She explains how much she needed money to care for her helpless mother and two brothers. She could not afford to wait around for Krogstad. That much, Krogstad can understand. Notice how, their conversation does not involve any talk of shunning the other in anyway. Because Christine is honest with Krogstad, he accepts her the way she is, flaws and all. In the end, Nora feels it is best for her to be on her way even after Torvald changes his mind. Krogstad decides to forget the debt and not hold it over Nora’s head as blackmail any longer.Torvald gets really happy and tries to act as if everything can go back the way it was, â€Å"Listen to me, Nora. You don't seem to realise that it is all over. What is this? –such a cold, set face! My poor little Nora, I quite understand; you don't feel as if you could believe that I have forgiven you. But it is true, Nora, I swear it; I have forgiven you everything. I know that what you did, you did out of love for me. † (Act III) He wants to believe that since Krogstad has relinquished the bonds, the situation is all over and everything her said before is in the past.Unfortunately for him, Nora is not so sure. She thinks about how he was so ready to shun her and put her away like a common criminal. She realizes that Torvald is not the noble man she thought he was and she is not the woman for him. She is tired of living like a man’s plaything all her life. Torvald is the one who helps her realize it and she leaves. Christine and Krogstad decide to revive their lost love and live together as a happy couple. So in the end, Nora and Torvald go through their marriage and lying to themselves and each other.As a result, the marriage falls apart and Nora makes the decision to walk away. She hopes to find herself in the world by allowing herself to be honest. Christine walks in with no one. She hides nothing and stays honest with herself. This gives her the freedom to be honest with her long, lost sweetheart, Krogstad. Her honesty gives them both the ability to truly love each other, unlike Nora and Krogstad. Nora and Christine have essentially switched places all because Christine was honest and Nora was not.

Self Presentation and Social Perception Essay Example

Self Presentation and Social Perception Essay Example Self Presentation and Social Perception Paper Self Presentation and Social Perception Paper Module 2: Social Psychology Mathis, Ronald Self Presentation and Social Perception Ronald Mathis Grand Canyon University: Soc 369 Due July 3, 2011 From my perspective, the material in the textbook relate to Matthew 7:3-5 in this way; when people put their judgments on others, but fail to see that they have faults, and that things are wrong with them too, they have failed to see themselves for who they really are. According to Oliver Sachs (1985), we have an inner self that is private and an outer self that we show to other people. However, our outer self is biased, and want to cast judgment on others. We want to go around correcting people and telling them what to do. All the while, in the private, we do the same thing. The biased, they tell people they shouldn’t do that, and could be guilty of doing those very same things. Sachs also says â€Å"the self is heavily influenced by social factors† (Kassin, 2008, p. 55). For instance, if I start an infectious laughter, or yawing as if I am sleepy, and there are other people in the room, they will say â€Å"girl you are making me sleepy. With laughter, even if I were faking it, someone would say â€Å"what are you laughing at? † If I act like I could not stop, people would just start laughing too. Therefore, being biased can catch on like an epidemic. From my perspective, Matthew 7: 3-5 relates to me that I should not perceive things to be a certain way and they really are not. For instance, I should not perceive that just because I see someon e that has on rich fancy clothes that they are wealthy, and they are better than me. Also, I should not let others try to make me feel bad about myself when an attempt is made to put me down or make me feel degraded. This to me is taking the plank out of my eye. A person can appear to be rich and not really be, and it could make me have feelings of inferiority if I allowed myself to feel that way, or if that person showed some type of affluent bias towards me like scorn of poverty stricken people. On the other hand, I should not attempt to do that to someone if I were in a position of having the appearance of wealth. In conclusion, when people bring their judgments they have failed to see themselves. Don’t perceive things to be a certain way when they really are not.

Children in Sudan essays

Children in Sudan essays Children of Sudan Children who escape from rebel captivity are in poor shape: they are usually in lice-ridden rags, covered with sores, scarred from beatings and bullet wounds. According to World Vision's Robby Muhumuza, the children arrive at trauma counseling centers "sick, malnourished, with low appetite. They have guilt feelings, are depressed and with low self-esteem . . . . They have swollen feet, rough skin, chest infections . . . they tend to be aloof . . . with little confidence in themselves or others. They tend to lapse into absentmindedness as well as swift mood changes."Many of the childrenespecially the girls, who are routinely given to rebel leaders as "wives"also have sexually transmitted diseases: "They arrive with gonorrhea, syphilis or sores, skin rash and complaints of abdominal pain and backache." At World Vision in Gulu, 70 to 80 percent of the children newly arriving at the center test positive for at least one sexually transmitted disease. Some of the girls are pregnant, whil e others, who tested negative for pregnancy, have stopped having their menstrual periods because of malnutrition and stress. The trauma counseling centers do not test the children for HIV, reasoning that after their experiences in the bush, the children are not yet psychologically ready to be told that they may have contracted a fatal illness. But with HIV infection rates of 25 percent in parts of Gulu and Kitgum, it is overwhelmingly likely that many of the childrenespecially the girlshave become infected.Counselors and children's advocates criticize the Uganda People's Defense Force for not providing escaped children with adequate medical care while the children are in UPDF control. "They don't always give them treatment right away," says Richard Oneka, a counselor. "Sometimes by the time they reach us, they've been with the UPDF for weeks without seeing a doctor."The Uganda People's Defense Force also ...

An indepth study of themes and motifs, notable directors and key Essay

An indepth study of themes and motifs, notable directors and key players in French New Wave movement - Essay Example But it is always argued the Canne's is not a festival but a screening of films that will be made available to public. In addition, there are too many film fests where people can feast their eyes on such as Rencontres Internationales d'Art Contemporain from June to July. In the towns of Paris, there is also Crteil celebrated on from March to April. The La Ciotat which is also called as silent film gets to be seen in July. The Reims or thriller movies have their place from October to November. All these make up and add up color to the film business in France. (1) In addition to this, French people also value not just the contemporary movies but also the old ones. Old movies or the valued films are kept in Paris Archives du Film which has the largest collection of silent and old movies in the world. It can be remembered that in the year 1992, they launched a program which aims to transfer the pre-1960 collection of movies to acetate to keep from rotting or disintegration and the program itself cost 17 million franc equivalent to 2.5 million euro. (1) It can be remembered that cinema, being considered as a French invention is regarded to be one of France's valuables and it has indeed a high regard from artists, old and contemporary. It can be traced back in the year 1985 when the Lunmiere Brothers matched photography with the amazing lantern show that was shown first in the Lyon using crackly images. It gave the image of a train leaving factory where the audience reacted by ducking for cover. That was the first sign of the power of image through cinema. Post World War I avant-garde artists immediately took advantage of this so called masterpiece and the obvious product of this taking advantage of the visual potential are in the persons Jean Cocteau through "Blood of a Poet in 1930 and La Belle's "Beauty and the Beast" in 1945. Director Robert Bresson also continued the said art even after World War II. (1) This was followed by the movement of the famous Gerges Melies who mastered the special effects through the adaptation of Voyage of the Moon by Jules Verne and it was considered as part of the mainstream in the year 1902. Then the French movies became known all of a sudden due to the New Wave Movement which owes its name to Nouvelle Vague in the 1960s. Vage is a post-war director was himself awed in the Les Quatre cents Coups in 1959 by Jean Claude Truffaut and Alain Resnais who created the Hiroshima Mon Amour. This was followed by the morally controversial films of Erich Rohmer where more scandalous and erotic topics followed, specifically from the director Roger Vadim. But this didn't continue due to a life and moral-saving films with good narratives from Jean-Luc Godard in 1960 with his film Breathless. It was also the same time when sexy French stars came out of the masterpieces like Brigitte Bardot and Alain Delon. Bardot starred in the Movie And God Created a Woman. (1) Then there is also the considerable late New Wave era from tehe 70's to the early 90's. It is the time when actor Gerard Depardieu came in to the scene and his career started in 1965 and he first became known through the movie Martin Guirre in 1981. This was followed by Danton in 1983 and Jean de Floretta in 1985. A new pool of directors came about in

Marketing plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing plan - Essay Example They also have expectations about values of the goods or services they choose (p. 8). Products and services of Pizza restaurant can be said to deliver values to customers when the company offers set of benefits being promised to satisfy customer needs and wants by differentiating their products, positioning brand equity, communicating value propositions and making consumers very loyal to the brand as well. These products and services will be able to provide Unique Selling Proposition when they possess unique qualities that differentiate them in a way that customers purchase rather than its rivals (Hindle, 2008, p. 197). Answer to Question- 2- Current Marketing Strategy Marketing mix comprises of basic marketing tools that a firm uses to pursue its marketing objectives, termed as four Ps of marketing as described by McCarthy (Kotler and Keller, 2006, p. 19). The Pizza Restaurant’s current marketing strategy is to expand segment positioning by including product, price, place and promotion elements. The unique characteristics of the products and services that it proposes to deliver will provide solution to customer needs (Product) for a reasonable and affordable prices (price) that they are ready to spend for the values. These products and services will be directly distributed (place) to them in the restaurant.