Great Barrier Reef management and protection Essay Example

Great Barrier Reef management and protection Essay Example Great Barrier Reef management and protection Essay Great Barrier Reef management and protection Essay The Great Barrier Reef Is an extensive and Intricate ecosystem which Is located off the east coast of Northern Queensland. The GAB stretches roughly 2300 kilometers from as far north as Fly River in PANG to as far south as Frazer Island. The whole reef system covers 354, 000 square kilometers in total which makes it the largest and most famous coral reef system in the world. Holding one of the worlds broadest ranges of genetic biodiversity, the maintenance of the GAB is vital. Reasons for the conservation of the reef include economic value, importance as a reservoir for illogical diversity, it is the largest reef system in the world, it is used for education and research into revolutionary processes, it plays an important role in the carbon cycle, chemicals can be removed for use in medicine and the GAB also prevents coastal erosion. Over time, reef management strategies have been introduced to help with the preservation and conservation of the reef, these strategies Include traditional and contemporary management. Traditional management was when the Aboriginal people had complete control over the land, the Indigenous peoples management included great admiration for the land, treating it with respect and sing only justifiable amounts of food and materials. This was a sustainable and successful management strategy used to conserve and preserve the GAB. : Contemporary management included reef exploitation, UN-sustainable usage of materials, disregard for pollution and UN-policed fishing which led the GAB to be at NSA (GENETIC DIVERSITY, UTILITY VALUE, INTRINSIC VALUE AND HERITAGE VALUE AS ALL REASONS FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE GAB) Traditional management of the GAB boats superiority and success (BACK UP). Traditional management strategies portrayed knowledge about the ecosystem harbored by the Indigenous people; they understood the significant of the ecosystem, the need for sustainability and the reasons for preservation. The Indigenous people trusted the reef to provide food, building materials, medicine and of course beauty, however, the way In which these needs were harvested from the reef was gentle so that there was no exploitation and no UN?sustainable activity. Being that there are more than 35 separate groups of Aboriginal and Tortes Strait Islander people with links to the land surrounding the GAB, tribes did not exist on only one area of the land for their life but instead moved around so that the land was not overused in sections. The traditional management strategies used and enforced by the indigenous people were extremely successful in preserving the reef. They were able to live off the land without exploiting and without disturbing the dynamic equilibrium that exists on the GAB. The indigenous people are able to focus their management important factors such as stewardship and conservation of resources for future generation. Aboriginal and Tortes Strait Islander people feel an accountability to look after the land on which they exist because of 2 million years of deep spiritual connections and links between the two. Stress on the technology meaning that the traditional management strategies were very effective in preserving the land. The GAB has altered and varied over many years, meaning that the management required has changed too. Contemporary management has been adjusted to suit the ever-changing needs of the GAB to aid in preserving, conserving and protecting the delicate ecosystem. Supporting the contemporary management practices include establishing, in 1975, the largest URINE Park in the world, World Heritage listing in 1981, broad scientific research and pressure from all parties effected. The SPAM had an act put in place by the federal government to assist in the management of the reef. To enable the reef to be properly managed, state and federal government agencies are involved in GAB management, these include Australian Marine Safety Authority, Queensland Department of Transport, Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service and The Aboriginal and Tortes Strait Islander Commission. All of the government agencies involved follow four principals; Management at the ecosystem level to achieve overall protection of the ecosystem, Conservation and reasonable use so that the ecosystem provides opportunities for sustainable use and enjoyment of its resources while being protected, Public participation and community involvement in the development and implementation of management, Monitoring and performance evaluation of management. In 2004 the Marine Park Authority introduced zoning to help manage the reef. Buffer zones were introduced for people to appreciate and enjoy areas of the reef without disturbing the national park zones. Conservation park zones are to allow small-scale recreational fishing. Estuarine conservation zones allow recreational activities such as snorkeling and diving. General usage zones allow a diverse range of recreational and commercial activities such as tourist boats. Habitat park zones allow a varied array of recreational and commercial activities. National park zones allow the public to appreciate and enjoy the beauty of the nature around them, being classified as high conservation value. Preservation zones forbid any public access to a totally protected high conservation value area of the marine park. The Great Barrier Reef Outlook Report 2009 identified climate change as one of the greatest threats to the long-term health of the Great Barrier Reef, including; ocean acidification, rising sea enraptures, rising sea level and the increased frequency of severe weather events. There is also expected to be flow-on impacts for communities and industries which is why the Great Barrier Reef Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan 2012-2017 was created. It outlines how we will build Great Barrier Reefs health so its better able to cope with stress and avoid climate change impacts. Climate change has increased sea surface temperature, if this increase continues the temperature will exceed that of which the coral has the ability to grow which results in the leaching of copious amounts of coral, for example, in 1998, there was a global mass bleaching event where 50 per cent of the reefs on the Great Barrier Reef suffered bleaching. During this time, sea temperatures on the Great Barrier Reef were the highest ever recorded. From alterations in the temperature of the sea the water movement is affected causing vast ocean currents that act as a nutrients recycling cycle. This can be enough for the elimination of the reef. Climate change is not solely negative but is one of the most important roles of the reef. Green-house gases maintains the health and growth of the coral, without which the corals would not be able to survive. Seal level rise will impact negatively on the reef as the penetration of sunlight becomes less effective because the distance of that energy has to travel to reach the coral will be further. Being the largest and most beautiful reef system in the world the GAB attracts about 2 million tourists each year meaning that the activities carried out are examined very carefully. Tourism is a vital method in educating people about this delicate ecosystem. Through education the SPAM are blew to encourage conservation and preservation and influence people on the importance of the ecosystem. One aim set in place by the World Heritage Convention is to promote education concerning environmental protection as well as the influence of human activities on ecosystems. This will promote vigilance and care when visiting fragile reefs. Having 85% of the total number of tourists visiting the reef yearly only use 7% of the reef clashes with the importance the Indigenous people placed on not using too much of the one area but moving around. Without following the living quinine employed by the Indigenous people we are in danger of disturbing the reef and the aquaculture of the reef. We are also in danger of disturbing the water quality of the reef as the increased use of nutrients, pesticides and other pollutants on the land are ending up in the water. Also because The Great Barrier Reef receives the run-off from 38 major catchments, discharges are the single biggest source of nutrients to the inshore areas of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area. This is seen as the second most significant pressure on the GAB. Coastal ecosystems play a vital role for the Great Barrier Reef. Extensive areas of habitats that support the Great Barrier Reef ecosystem have been in filled, modified or cleared. This loss of coastal habitats is concerning as they are important feeding and breeding grounds for marine species and sediments traps and nutrient filters for water entering the Great Barrier Reef. The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (SPAM) is a partner in the Australian and Queensland governments commitment to the Reef Water Quality Protection Plan (Reef Plan). This plan aims to stop and reverse the decline in the quality of water flowing into the Great Barrier Reef. The SPAM prepared Water Quality Guidelines for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park which recognize trigger levels for managers to take action if conditions surpass them The development of traditional and contemporary management strategies over past years has been evident. Sustainable practices engaged in by both the Indigenous people and Marine park zoning set up by the SPAM are both strategies to be used as they ensure a strong, sustainable and healthy ecosystem for generations to come. The techniques practiced by the Indigenous Australians centered on the important value of stewardship. The management strategies utilized by the Indigenous peoples proved successful and sustainable, as the tenuous and delicate reef has survived. A combination of contemporary and traditional strategies has been employed by the SPAM, enabling them to protect the reef ecosystem. Education of tourists on the vulnerability of the ecosystem, scientific research into the possibilities the reef has to offer and learning about how to care for this vital ecosystem are all factors showing the effectiveness of the SPAM management, conserving the GAB is very important, as it possesses resources that can be used in vast areas and also provides a habitat the privilege of visiting it.

Environmental scanning paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Environmental scanning paper - Essay Example ch corporate culture that has facilitated a certain way of dealing with the competitive environment that the corporation operates in (Kim and Yoffie, 2011). External factors to which the corporation is exposed are depicted by the existence of a very competitive culture with many retail outlets established nearly everywhere that it ventures. Since it operates on a global level, Wal-Mart has to cope with a highly diversified culture in every country that it sets up shop. To deal with the competitive nature of the market at the international platform has necessitated a marketing strategy that consists of a research and development to unlock the competitive advantage. A strong brand name at Wal-Mart has facilitated the entry of the retail chain store to set up shop easily in new markets. McDonalds is a multinational facing a greater level of diversity than a majority of the corporate world players. The human resource is a very important internal strength at McDonalds since the top management officials are specially trained at the Hamburger University in a move that ensures strategic management on all fronts. Diversity is particularly well managed at McDonalds across the diverse global market presence created at every corner of the world. The fact that the largest number of minority workers is employed at the corporation reveals the embrace to diversity that exists at McDonalds than in many other industries. Externally, the corporation feels it more important to handle the health of the consumers and the entire market with more direct caution due to the sensitivity that that the food industry has. Due to the high competition of the food industry, McDonalds needs to deal with the market pressure for sustainable operations. Firstly, the high consumer behavior and preferences attachments to the food products that consumers search in the market force the corporation to realign its product preparation, package and appeal. Secondly, there is need to assure the consumers

An overview of the incidence of diabetes in the United States Term Paper

An overview of the incidence of diabetes in the United States - Term Paper Example Difference in susceptibility by gender is, however, small with adult males having a unit percent higher prevalence rate as compared to adult females (â€Å"Diabetes statistics†, 2011). Incidences of the disease also vary with race. ‘Non-Hispanic’ blacks are the most vulnerable at almost 13 percent prevalence rate while ‘non-Hispanic’ whites have a prevalence rate of seven percent. Despite control measures, diabetes remains a killer disease, both directly and indirectly (â€Å"National diabetes statistics†, 2011). The disease’s prevalence rate also bears relationships with other complications. Published data, for example, indicate an almost seventy percent prevalence rate of heart diseases among diabetic patients. A survey of data between the years 2005 and 2008 also reported a 67 percent rate of high blood pressure among diabetic patients. Significant relationships in prevalence rates have also been identified between diabetes and other diseases such as â€Å"blindness,† â€Å"kidney disease,† â€Å"nervous system disease† and â€Å"amputation† (â€Å"Diabetes statistics†, 2011, p.

Nutrition - Food Essay Example for Free

Nutrition Food Essay Thesis Statement Most of the college students have unhealthy food preferences. Topic Outline I.Influence of Media A. Calorie-dense foods are extremely rewarding to consume. B.Causes greater snack food consumption. II.Income of an individual A.Eating healthy is expensive. B.Low income individual eat and buy cheaper foods. III.Convenience A.Fast and easy access 1.Delivery services 2.Ready to eat foods a. frozen foods 1.)TV dinners 2.)shelf-stable products 3.)prepared mixes B.Saves time Food, in order to serve its purpose, should first be consumed. Under normal circumstances, food is consumed only if it is palatable enough for the consumer. It therefore becomes a great responsibility of one who prepares and serves food to make the food palatable besides being nutritious and safe. Food habits do not develop in a vacuum. Like other forms of human behavior, they are the result of many personal, cultural, social, and psychological influences (Williams, 1974). Nowadays, teenagers choose food they like without considering about it contains. Because of busy life, they choose fast food, snack which is non-nutritive over nutritive-rich ones like rice, meat, and do not care if it shortens their life, damage their health or cause many diseases. There are numerous factors that affect the food habits of each person within a culture. Some of this is the societal factor and the lifestyle factor. In societal factor, the food production and distribution system are responsible for the availability of foods which differs from region to region and country to country. Food availability influenced by the socioeconomic and political systems. On the other hand, in lifestyle, both availability and control of food at the societal level affect the lifestyle factors of individuals. These factors includes income, occupation, place of residence, regional differences, religious beliefs, health beliefs, physiological characteristics, puberty, gender, person’s state of health and lastly, the household structure and composition (Kittler Sucher, 2004).

Essay --

â€Å"Trust is only a five letter word but it can be misused in so many ways.† I am glad to be here today with you in what will impact many lives of teenagers and their families. What I’m explaining about is sexual abuse in teenagers. Nearly 1.5 million high schools students nationwide experience physical abuse from a dating partner in a single year. Let’s stop abuse! How can America change? How well these changes improve lives of teenagers? Sexual Abuse is pressuring a human into a sexual activity. Ages between sixteen and twenty-four are most likely to get abuse. These teens who gets sexual abuse is from their former or current relationship. When someone is abuse they are too scared to tell anyone. About 46 % of rapes and sexual assaults are reported to the police.When girls are raped they are taking immediately to medical assistance, but some girls are not taking to see medical assistance because they are scared to take tests like pregnancy test and to find any sexually transmitted diseases. But when a boy or girl don’t go to ER right away is because they don’t want to tell but if yo...

Mangroves and Their Importance

Intro to Environmental Issues Mangroves And Their Disappearance 3/11/2013 Bsc Sem-II Submitted By: Ammal Afroze Submitted to: Mrs Almas Hamid Table Of Contents What are Mangroves? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 Importance And Role Of Mangroves Ecosystem †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2,3 Disappearance Of Mangroves †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Causes Of Disappearance Of Mangroves †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 ,4 Effects Of Disappearance Of Mangroves †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 Present Condition Of Mangroves In Pakistan †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4,5 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. What is Mangrove? The term ‘mangrove', is used to refer to the highly adapted plants found in tropical forest communities or the ecosystem itself. The term ‘mangrove' may have been derived from a combination of the Malay word ‘manggi-manggi', for a type of mangrove tree (Avicennia) and the Arabic à ¢â‚¬Ëœel gurm', for the same, as ‘mang-gurm'. Mangrove is a tree or shrub that grows in muddy, chiefly tropical coastal swamps. Generally exceeding one half metre in height. Mangrove plants vary genetically and those found on land are not of same types.They are of different types. An increase in mangroves has been suggested for climate change mitigation. Big groups of mangroves and other plants are called mangrove swamps, mangrove forests, and sometimes simply manga. The mangrove community is the biotic part of our ecosystem. Importance And Role Of Mangrove Ecosystems: Mangroves are not only important but crucial for the coastal areas. The most important role of mangroves is that they protect vulnerable coastlines from waves because they hold the soil together and prevent coastal erosion.Mangroves shield inland areas during storms and minimize damage. Example: For example, learning from the 2005 tsunami in Asia, there were no deaths in the areas which had mangrove forests, com pared to those areas without, which suffered massive causalities. Mangrove forests provide homes for several species of plants and animals. Migratory shorebirds and waders seek the mudflats for food. Birds establish large roosting and nesting sites in mangroves. Several species of fish, monkeys, and turtles find refuge there.The beaches along more mature undisturbed mangroves also serve as nesting sites for endangered sea turtles. Mangroves are fish nurseries as they serve as a source of food for fish and crabs that live in rivers and the shallow areas of the sea/ocean. And they provide a safe haven for juvenile fish, and crab located on coastline. Mangroves therefore contribute significantly in fishing industry and provide us with our fish resource. ACT AS A FILTERING SYSTEM They act as filtering systems for the run-off and ground waters, clarify adjacent open water, which facilitates photosynthesis in marine plants.Mangroves also help to control other forms of pollution, including excess amounts of nitrogen and phosphorous, petroleum products, and halogenated compounds. Mangroves stop these contaminants from polluting the ocean waters through a process called rhizofiltration. TRAP DEBRIS AND SILT Mangroves trap debris and silt contributing to soil formation and stabilizing the coastline. SERVE AS HABITAT Their roots provide shelter for many marine and terrestrial animals, protecting them from ocean currents and strong winds. Many threatened or endangered species reside inside.PRODUCE NUTRIENTS Mangroves shed a large amount of leaf litter, being dropped and then broken down by bacteria and fungi which is made available to the food chain of aquatic animals. Therefore mangroves contribute to productivity in off shore water. SERVE AS NURSERY AND REFUGE For many juvenile fish and invertebrates such as spiny lobster, gray snapper, jacks and barracuda. Mangroves are the nesting grounds for many water birds. Disappearance Of Mangroves: Mangrove forests are one of th e world’s most threatened tropical ecosystems. More than 35% of the world’s mangroves are already gone.The figure is as high as 50% in countries such as India, the Philippines, and Vietnam, while in the Americas they are being cleared at a rate faster than tropical rainforests. 12 species of mangroves found in India are considered to be ‘Critically Endangered’ and a total of 57 mangrove and mangrove-associated species are considered threatened. The main reasons for the destruction in the area are mainly due to population pressure in and around the mangrove belts. Causes Of Disappearance Of Mangroves: * Mangroves are extremely sensitive to current rising sea levels caused by global warming and climate, Cyclones, typhoons and strong wave action. Insect such as Wood borers, Caterpillars, beetles eat the mangrove foliage and damage the wood. * Weeds often occupy deforested mangrove areas and restrict the re-growth of mangrove tree species. * Barnacles are a ty pe of arthropod which when attached to young seedlings, interferes with respiration and photosynthesis and delays seedling growth. Oysters, Crabs, Gastropods also damage the plant parts. * Mangrove trees are used for firewood, construction wood, pulp production, charcoal production, and animal fodder.While harvesting has taken place for centuries, in some parts of the world it is no longer sustainable, threatening the future of the forests. * Dams and irrigation reduces the amount of water reaching mangrove forests changing the salinity level of water in the forest. When salinity becomes too high the mangroves cannot survive. Freshwater diversions can also lead to mangroves drying out. * Pollution is the major problem in world. Toxic man-made chemicals carried by river systems from sources upstream can kill animals living in mangrove forests, while oil pollution can smother mangrove roots and suffocate the trees.Effects Of Mangroves Disappearance: Mangroves are saline coastal forest s include heavy biomasses of trees and shrubs. Such forests are essential in protecting the coastal regions they surround from erosion, but they have also been shown to help mitigate the effects of tropical storms by buffering coastal communities against hurricane-like winds and tidal surges. * Widespread destruction of mangroves (Bahamas, Australia) has resulted in the loss of some of the world’s most diverse ecosystems. As a side effect his has greatly increased shoreline hazards and beach erosion rates. The greatest benefit of mangroves is their ability to reduce storm surge. This benefit is long-term and requires no maintenance. The 1999 super typhoon, Orissa, killed over 10,000 people in India drowning many with its powerful storm surge * The widespread destruction of Burma’s mangroves has magnified another human disaster in the wake of cyclone Nargis, a tragedy that might have claimed more than 100,000 lives, according to a news services’ estimates.Present Condition Of Mangroves In Pakistan Over 600,000 hectares of Pakistan’s coastline is under mangrove forestation. The coastal communities as well as the fisheries of the coast depend upon this ecosystem their existence is associated with its well-being. Mangroves historically have been considered to be wastelands. The vital flow of the Indus River into the Indus Delta, which constitutes one of the most extensive mangrove areas along the Pakistani coast, is heavily polluted by a variety of ndustrial effluents, sewage, solid waste and nutrient-enriched irrigation water. THE Indus delta mangroves are under the control of the Sindh forest department (280,470 ha), Port Qasim Authority (64,400 ha) and Sindh Board of Revenue (255,130 ha). The area under control of the forest department and Port Qasim is declared as `protected forest` and the area under the control of the Board of Revenue is classified as `government wasteland`. The Indus delta provides subsistence to approximately 20 0,000 people throughout the year.A recent study by WWF – Pakistan (2006) has estimated the existing cover of the Indus delta mangroves around 73,000 ha. Historically, there used to exist eight species of mangroves which have declined to four species at present. References: * www. mangrove. org * http://www. mangrovewatch. org. au * http://ocw. unu. edu * http://www. conservancy. org. hk * http://floridakeys. noaa. gov * http://whataremangroves. com/ * http://www. wwfpak. org/forest_mangrove. php * http://www. cssforum. com. pk/css-optional-subjects * www. pandas. org

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